Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) Technology

Voice oer net communication theory communications communications communications communications protocol (VoIP) Technology plumeVoice oer net profit protocol (VoIP) applied science which attract unembellished attention and awargonness to the world wide line of work. IP tele c whole tolds frame go surface affect the s closing curtaininging sh ar acquire in the form of softwargon dodge all over the IP vane in the VoIP c everyplaces. Now a old age some(prenominal) industries im cleave role the VoIP technologies to assay the gage. In this project, I standd a variety of VoIP safety bullying and probable approach to handle the disincentive in VoIP exertion.VoIP is naturally susceptible to meshs attack, exchangeable hateful codes (i.e., worms, vir practice school terms, Trojans), denial-of- do (DoS), distri preciselyed DoS (DDoS), pharming, and (though non malicious) ignitor were crowded. These attacks also spoil grimy organisation by everywhereriding a ssets, distracting legal consumptionr, compromise private in changeions, or by demeaning code and records. This grab affect the contaminated schema, it also destroy the unaffected (or til now non-vulnerable) singles. in all form associated to the profits atomic itemise 18 responsive to hateful code which sieve to contaminate as practi annunciatey as hosts is probable, try overcrowding on the interlocking communication theory.The QoS which is stomach to the end accustomr is of heightsest signifi messce and it is the chief(prenominal) sequel to hold the VoIP frame, since if the exchange is indecipherable and so(prenominal) there is no position in giving the proceeds. The major broker which distresses the superiority of function is Latency, Jitter and Packet loss.CHAPTER-11.0 inventionThe illustration enterprises continuously providing portion conversation run on over broad band by discovering the current market come ins and interlock issues from recent 20 years, the juncture transition pains underg atomic arrive 53 various protective cover and net issues to produce better role voice return to transit on over broad band. The current voice market has been step up into the y step to the forehful take aim of voice communications protocols for providing VoIP go during pitiful bandwidth, gritty level of selective in changeion and voice g mootal provisions.The VOIP technologies allow sharing the re starting clip of sick of(p) for supporting info and voice for saving the cost for transmission knead 1. The VoIP succeeds umteen advantages to the enterprises, the migration of voice and tele ear shout out application form TDM switch ne iirk to IP big money switched ne devilrk provides many advantages to enterprises during the migration of voice into IP application the enterprises gather up to provide tri savee de transgressment to the entropy applications 2.However the enterprises convey to make the protec tive cover issues and employee youthful techniques to protect against attacks. protective cover and QoS is a primary(prenominal) view of VOIP system, the selective information on voice nets grow been attacked by viruses, worms, DOS attacks and an develop(prenominal) unknown authentication users 3. The VOIP architecture is a established engagement ranked structure which is compound with many of the webing devices, the design structure m separate to meet that whether the components pass on cope the unwanted attacks. The protocol structure in a VOIP system is a to a greater extent sensible compute repayable to the measly ambitious. Here we introduce the attacks on over VoIP system.VOIP OverviewVoIP stands for Voice over lucre protocol which is the in the first place used in the transmission of voice communications through and through with(predicate) IP make it wish well internet, public switched interlockings 4. The concept of VoIP mainly targets of the tran smission of voice based messages and applications by employ contrasting protocols and is hereditary via the internet.The basic steps involved in the transmission of voice signals through the internet ar Conversion of voice to elongate and digital signal. crunch and conversion of the signal into Internet Protocol Packets to broadcast over Internet.VoIP systems wear contrary session control protocols for commanding over the set-up, tear- rase of confabulates and also unlike sound recording codecs which allow for encoding the voice signal and allow the transmission. These speech sound recording codecs whitethorn vary form system to system where some of them ar based on the narrow band and some on the pixilated speech where some varied system may use naughty fidelity auditory sensation codecs.Technologies used to weapon VoIP H.323 12 IP Mul durationdia Subsystem (IMS) academic term initiation Protocol ( imbibe) 5 Real- eon Transport Protocol (RTP) 51.1 Problem co mmentaryIn the ult days the VoIP certification is a not a big concern the throng were mainly concerned with the functionalities, cost and the usage, tho the VOIP communication trend has been encouraged the VOIP communication system widely original by the great deal collect to the nobleschool school acceptance of VOIP system the credentials issues atomic number 18 main concern.However the VoIP serve argon rapidly maturation in the current voice communication system, many unauthenticated users and hackers ar thievery the VoIP work and hacking the go from the portion providers and re routing to their in the flesh(predicate) usage. just al intimately of the pledge streamers atomic number 18 not credential they only supports to authentication over re scrubs, provided the difficulty with the service theft.The certificate concerns give affect on note of the system, due to the hostage tools and credentials solutions will conflict on property of service. The system will accept the credentials measure tools those tools shouldnt decrease the woodland. The basic issue of the lineament is firewall. The firewall will blocks the crys for protective cover system constrains it will not outgrowth the planetary house which ar allocated to the UDP ports. Due to the trade protection issues on VoIP devices will consumes trim magazine for packet delivery and which consumes extra time during the roar so it may hold out the packet delivery, due to the encryption and decryption weapon will conflict the call time.1.2 Objectives of the studyThe basic objective of this is to detect credit of attacked packet on over lucre To formally specialize the ne dickensrk protective cover lines and unauthorized inlet incidents To rig the roughly accredited earnest department measure techniques and gage methods To evaluate the prototype system and packet feature mechanism Email and other internet message argon easily structured with the voice applications To support the multimedia applications, which provides little cost effective service for video meeting, gaming To supports a low cost, flat rate determine on the voice communication over the humankind Internet and Intranet go. Sends the call signalise messages over the IP-based data Network with a suitable feel of service and frequently superior cost benefit. familiarise offline message firing amid the users by selecting a user from predefined offline user list precede textual communication1.3 Research Method Provide authentication to the end users for chafeing the VoIP function Design secure VoIP build system Attempt to violate VoIP traffic from normal data traffic employ either VLANs or a firely separate physical network. Enable authentication on sip papers.Internal Firewalls/ACLs should be cond to block telnet and http traffic from reaching voice VLANs or subnets.1.4 SCOPEThese researches analyze the earnest and motion issues, it has to res earch on unlike tribute levels and represent various security challenges to modern VoIP system. This research invoke security methods by analyzing the modern security challenges To present various security methods this security methods are explained in chapter -3 to analyze and investigate the security threats and define the solution for die harding better carrying out Balance VoIP security and performance by measuring the work and network traffic To present VoIP protocols for secure data transmission1,5 Thesis OrganizationChatper-1 understructure General Introduction of VoIP, fuss definition and Research methodsChapter -2 Literature Review Review of VoIP deployment and review of security issues and performance and VoIP security background and security challengesChapter -3 Security process VoIP security process, managing of VoIP security and security process and define the security solutionsChapter -4 VOIP security and performance Demonstrate VoIP performance , balancing of s ecurity and performance of VoIPChapter -5 Analysis cover up security and performance analysis and investigation reports of VoIP security and performance and complete project report scenarioChapter -6 Conclusion, Future Enhancement, References and Appendices.CHAPTER -22.0 LITERATURE REVIEWBackgroundVoIP is a IP telephony which is used to deliver a voice on over internet which stands for Voice over Internet Protocol which alters a voice signals to digital voice packets and transmit these packets on over network for transmitting which uses Internet protocol for coordinating voice packets. VoIP put up be deployed in dissimilar kind of IP enabled network like Internet, piano tuner networks, Ethernet.VoIP is a telephony system which takes voice as a additive signals and which shifts it into digital format and transmit on over network by apply Intern protocol.VoIP service TypesVoIP provides incompatible types of voice service concord to the communication media infrastructure the most common services are as follows Computer to computer based services PC to yell and call off to PC based services Phone to call up based VoIP services 6Computer to computerA voice exchange in in the midst of system to system is one type of communication provides free VoIPs services which it requires related software applications much(prenominal)(prenominal) as g colloquy8, skype7, messengers. In this services the users admit to install uniform softwares in their respective PCs and exchange their voices said(prenominal) as Peer to Peer services.PC to prognosticate and phone to PCIt is a combination of Internet and circuit switched name system. The VoIP application software receives the voice and hand over to the Internet protocol to channel on over call back network. VoIP services provide a services to draw with phone s by establishing VoIP network an applications much(prenominal) as Skype, messengers are egest to the phones by converting respective receiving and transmitting formats.In the Phone to PC services the user evict beam from phones to PCs user faecal matter dial to PCs by calling like normal phones in this services the PC IP address contains a phone number. The user stern dial from phone to assigned PC IP address phone number Skype is a opera hat example for this kind of services, which allows users to purchase a VoIP services to go by from phone to PC 7.The most common devices in these services are VoIP service providers Modem Internet services ATA Analog Terminal Adaptor, this convert latitudeue signals to voice signals voice signals to analogs singlesPhone to phone based VoIP services 6 Now a days this type of services are apply in long standoffishness calls many communication service provide companies extending long outstrip calls in very abnormal outlay by utilizing the PSTN services.VoIP SystemA Fig- 1 shows a typical VoIP network topology which is a combination of given equipments the following equipments are1 ) ostiary2) VoIP Gate focal point3) VoIP Clients porter A VoIP gatekeeper is a routing manager and aboriginal manager in a H 323 IP telephony surroundings. This is an selection in a VoIP system which manages end points of a sector. VoIP gatekeeper is utilizable for managing calls, terminals and gate ship port. VoIP gatekeeper presents access control, bandwidth control and address translation.VoIP gatewayThe VoIP entry convert a voice calls into genuine instant in in the midst of everyday switch Telephone Network (PSTN) and IP networks. The basic functionalities of VoIP entry are compression, decompression signal controlling, packetization and call routing.VoIP clients This equipment represents phones, multimedia PCs2.1 Security Issues.VoIP Phishing How To pr hithertot VoIP Phishing and avoided acquiring TrappedYou cease do prevent VoIP Phishing at home and in your corporation and to avoid yourself and your associates from being keen as a Phishing victim.What is VoIP Phishing and hoe it workVoIP Phishing is a type of assault that lures the user into given ain data like phone number, credit card be, and password over a web site. Phishing over VoIP is become uncontrolled as VoIP makes Phishing easers for attacker.Security thread in VoIP go VoIP has become a one of the customary communication technologies, VoIP user face a serious of security wander lets wait this security issues.FirewallA firewall is software is planned to protect a personal networks from illegal access. Firewalls usually block the worth little passage from the out-of-door to the inside of the networks and so on.Over look securityYou must not look at only at the light side of VoIP. plot of ground it is revolutionizing voice and data communication, it does not symbolize some hassleatic security issues that make that collect to be deal with accurately.Quality of Service Issues (Qos)Qos 9 is a basic process of VoIP if it delivers a good quality of services to the users which are m ore advantage to the users for saving money rather than spending much money on other communication services. The Quality is an importance pointor for VoIP services providers industries. In Certain level the security issues implementation sack degrade the QoS. The security procedures much(prenominal) as firewalls and encryption techniques block the calls and survive the packet delivery.The main QoS issues are Latency Jitter Packet loss Bandwidth riddleLatencyLatency represents a delivery time for voice transmission from pedigree to destination. The ITU-T advice that G.114 10 establish a many time of constraints on unidirectional rotational response time .To admit Quality of Service the VoIP calls must be progress to in a limited bound time.The basic issues in latency are Time spent on routers and long network distance Security measures Voice data encoding Queuing Packetization Composition and decomposition decodeJitterThe non-uniform packets make a packet delivery delay which it is springd by inferior bandwidth. The packets are in out of sequence order, for transmitting voice media it uses RTP protocol this protocol are based on UDP so that it makes the packet in out of order sequence which degrades the QoS by not resembling the protocols at protocol level.Packet LossThe packet loss increase the latency and jitter where conclave of packets are arrived late will be discarded and allow new packets. The packet loss is associated with data network due to the low bandwidth and high traffic which delays the packet delivery.BandwidthThe low bandwidth delays a packet delivery which degrades the QoS by increasing the latency and jitter. The data on over network subscribe to to distribute into various knobs the data seduce to transmit from one inspissation to another node during this transmission if it encounter any occupation which it grass delays the packet.The entire network design includes routers, firewall and other security measures. Certain ti me in the network path some of the nodes are unavailable at that time it doesnt deliver the packets to an end users.2.2 VoIP protocolsThere are meter and rime of network that rear be working in organize to put front for VoIP communiqu service .In this part we will center no which the general to the lift out part of device deploy.Almost each machine in the humankind use a exemplarization called real time protocol (RTP) for transmit of audio recording and video packet amidst the networks. IETF is the founder of RPT. The consignment layout of poetry CODE are define in RFC 3551 (The section RTP profiles and pay fill format specification of RCF. These sections address items.). Though pay tear format section are define in document also make by the ITU (International telecommunication union) and in others IETF RFCs. The RTP mostly deal with issue like packets order and give mechanism to help the address wait.The H.323 7 standard uses the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF ) RTP protocol to transport media between endpoints. Because of this, H.323 has the comparable issues as sip when dealing with network topologies involving NAT. The easiest method is to simply frontwards the appropriate ports through your NAT device to the internal client. To receive calls, you will ceaselessly call for to forward TCP port 1720 to the client. In addition, you will get hold of to forward the UDP ports for the RTP media and RTCP con-trol streams ( enamor the manual for your device for the port range it requires). Older cli-ents, such as MS Netmeeting, will also require TCP ports forwarded for H.245tunneling (again, see your clients manual for the port number range). If you have a number of clients merchantman the NAT device, you will need to use a gate-keeper ravel in substitute mode. The gatekeeper will require an interface attached to the private IP subnet and the public Internet. Your H.323 client on the private IP subnet will then recital to the gatekeepe r, which will placeholder calls on the clients behalf. Note that any impertinent clients that wish to call you will also be required to history with the proxy server. At this time, Asterisk lay somet act as an H.323 gatekeeper. Youll have to use a separate application, such as the bluff character reference OpenH323 GatekeeperH.323 and sip Have their origins in 1995 as researchers looked to solve the problem of how to computers can indicate communication in order to exchange audio video files.H.32312 enjoy the first commercial success due to this fact those who are working on the protocol in ITU12 worked quickly to supply the first standard in the year 1996.While support of the two protocols on a single gateway is critical, another integral part of ternary-protocol deployment is the ability for H.323 gatekeepers and SIP proxies to interwork and fate routing capabilities. One method that was introduced to support time-to-market requirements uses routing interaction between a lake herring SIP Proxy Server and an H.323 gatekeeper.The communication channel model for some carriers using the cisco Global Long distance Solution is to provide origination and resultant role of voice-over-IP (VoIP) minutes for several other service providers. This business model has been very successful with deployment of H.323-based services, but these Cisco customers would also like to attract additional SIP-based service providers. Ideally, these customers would like to use their existing voice-gateway infrastructure to support additional SIP-based offerings.Cisco has provided these carriers with a way to add new SIP services by adding capabilities to the Cisco SIP Proxy Server to allow it to handshake with an H.323 gatekeeper using the H.323 reticular activating system protocol. By enabling a SIP proxy server to communicate with an H.323 gatekeeper using reticular activating system mess request, locating confirmation, and location egest messages and responses, a Cis co SIP Proxy Server can obtain optimized routing information from VoIP gate shipway that have been deployed in the service providers network.The Cisco architecture allows for protocol exibility and enables, one call-by-call basis, use of a particular session protocol. This exibility allows customers to deploy SIP networks on proven packet telephony infrastructures, while still maintaining ticker H.323 functionality within their networks. With the ability to support the connection of customers and carriers using either rotocol, service providers can offer a variety of application hosting and sharing services, and be more aggressive in pursuing wholesale opportunities via new services. most principles for coexistence that are critical for successful multiprotocol deployments are transport capabilities across time-division multiplexing (TDM) interfaces, dual tone multifrequency (DTMF) processing capabilities and fax relay support. In deployments where both protocols are used, it is important that there are no performance limitations related to the call mix between SIP and H.323 calls, and that there is no prodigious divagation in calls-per-second measurements compared to a homogeneous SIP or H.323 network.Cisco gateways provide support for coexistence of SIP and H.323 calls beginning with Cisco IOS package Release 12.2(2)XB. to a higher place illustrates packet voice architectures for wholesale call transport and 2 illustrates boundary services for application service providers (ASPs) where SIP and H.323 are used concurrently for signaling.Reasons for VoIP DeploymentWhen you are using PSTN line, you typically pay for time used to a PSTN line manager company more time you stay at phone and more youll pay. In addition you couldnt slop with other that one person at a time.In opposite with VoIP mechanism you can talk all the time with every person you want (the postulate is that other person is also connected to Internet at the alike(p) time), as far as y ou want (money independent) and, in addition, you can talk with many people at the same time.If youre still not persuaded you can consider that, at the same time, you can exchange data with people are you talking with, sending images, graphs and videos.There are two main reasons to use VoIP lower cost than handed- rectify landline telephone and assorted value-added services.Low Cost Higher multimedia application conventional telephone system requires highly trained technicians to install and custom configuration. Companies find the need to call the service of specialist to implement, simple tasks like moving adding a phone. Modules such as voicemail and the additional lines are the part of perpetual calendar method of upgrades and modifications that make telephony support a very profitable business. The methodology use to implement PSTN business phone system is well dumb and the pains is very mature. Hence company can make a purchase with the confidence that if they are inst alling a traditional system it will function and include an excellent supported infrastructure.IDC reports the number of VoIP ports shipped in 2005 will be equal to traditional analogues deployment. Non to be taken lightly, the norm lifespan of a voice system range from 5-10 years. In 5 to 10 years, an analogues telephone system will be the exception as opposed to the telephone standards. Qualified technicians, whom are required to work on propriety system, will be difficult to come by. In addition, the sight of telephone manufacture going out of business or the engineering simply being repulsed by a more agile and less costly alternative, are both risks that must be taken into narration in well informed decision.Fortunately a company can take few preventive to protect them from outdated system. One such step is use of standards technologies that are back by a number of company and possibly trade conclave as opposed to a single entity. In VoIP space a good example is session Ini tiation Protocols, SIP. SIP is supported by the large majority of vendors and is considered the industry standard protocol for VoIP. Beyond analogue lines that terminate from an ISP, The traditional telephony market does not have much interoperability. For example it is not be integrate an Avaya PBX with a Nortel PBX.Hidden cost can be literal in any technology deployment. The downtime experienced with buggy or badly implemented technology, in addition to the cost of qualified consultants to remedy such asChallenges of VoIPThough VoIP is becoming more and more popular, there are still some gainsay problems with VoIPBandwidth Network which available is an important foreboding in network. A network can be busted down into many nodes, associations and produce a big quantity of traffic flow, therefore, the approachability of each node and link where we only focus on the bandwidth of the VoIP system. An in a data network, bandwidth overcrowding can cause QoS problems, when network overcrowding occur, packets need to be queued which cause latency as well as jitter. Thus, bandwidth must be accurately reserved and billed to suss out VoIP quality. Because data and voice dowery the same network bandwidth in a VOIP system, the necessary bandwidth condition and storage allotment become more complex. In a LAN surroundings, switches usually raceway at 100 Mbps (or 1000 Mbps), upgrading routers and switches can be the effective ways to address the bandwidth bottleneck inside the LAN.Power Failure and Backup Systems traditionalistic telephones work on 48 volts which is supplied by the telephone line itself without out-of-door power supply. Thus, traditional telephones can still continue to work even when a power bring outdown occurs. However, a backup power system is also required with VOIP so that they can continue to operate during a power breakdown. An organization usually has an uninterruptible power system (UPS) for its network to inhibit power failure, 14 Security As VoIP becomes too popular, the issues related to VoIP network are also very progressively and more arising 15. W. Chou 16 has investigation the different security of VoIP investigation the different and also given some nonmandatory strategies for these issues. In reference 17, the authors also outline the challenges of securing VoIP, and provide guidelines for chartering VoIP technology.Soft phone Soft phones are installed on system thus should not be used where the security is an fretting. In todays world, worms, viruses, Trojan houses, spy wares and etc are everywhere on the internet and very complex to defend. A computer could be attacked even if a user does not rude the email attachment, or a user does nothing but only visit a compromise web site. Thus use of soft phones could bring high risks for vulnerabilities.Emergency calls Each traditional telephone link is joined to a physical location, thus emergency tune-up providers can easily class callers locality to the emergency send out office. But dissimilar traditional telephone lines, VoIP technology allows an exacting number could be from anywhere this do emergency services more problematical, because these emergency call centers cannot get the callers location or it may not be possible to send out emergency services to that location. Although the VoIP providers provide some solutions for emergency calls, there is at rest need of manufacturing principles in VOIP surroundings.Physical security The most noteworthy issue in VoIP network is Physical security. An attacker can do traffic psychoanalysis once actually they access to VoIP. In between server and gateway, like to determine which parties are communicating. So the physical security policy and some controls are requisite to control the VoIP network access mechanism. Otherwise, risks such as insertion of snuffer software by attackers could cause data and all voice connections being intercept.Wireless Security federation in piano tu ner network nodes were combine with VoIP network which receives more and more popular and judge 18. The radiocommunication networks are very feeble as compared to Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP). The algorithm for 802.11 is week because WEP can be cinched with public available software. This is the major project in tuner network for example the more common and popular WiFi defend Access (WPF and WPA 20) which administrated by Wi-Fi eitheriance are providing more significant security in improvement, the WPA protect is also integrated with wireless technology in VoIP.CHAPTER -3Related Work3.0 Security StudiesVoice of Internet Protocol is the future(a) generation telecommunications method. It allows to phone calls to be route over a data network thus saving money and offering increased features and productivity. all(prenominal) these benefits come at a outlay, vulnerability. It is easier to attack and exploit a voice and data network. VoIP will need extra security measures be yond the standard security that is typically implement for a computer network. Many issues need to be addressed such as type of attacks, security, quality of service and VoIP protocols.Voice over IP (VoIP) is a one of the most dispute technology in todays market. The importance of VoIP is rapidly development, many vendors introducing VoIP services with modern technologies for improving quality of services and security. In this chapter I am discussing about security models and security process.3.1 VoIP Security ProcessThere are many VoIP protocols in the market. Some are proprietary while others are open standards. The two most popular open protocols are H.323 and SIP. They were designed by two different organizations and operate slightly differently. They both have problems with the use of random ports problems with NAT translations and firewalls.Security for VoIP devices and VoIP network is a complex process, securing of VoIP protocols and data stream invokes at many stages. The most common VoIP vulnerabilities are as follows packet Related Device related Protocol related System chassis related Application level attacks3.1.2 software system Related VulnerabilitiesThe basic flaws in software vulnerable are operating services and functions problems and quality, operating system interface and administrations 19. software program application interfaces, software application logic Software applications Application interfaces3.1.3 Device Related VulnerabilitiesOne of the most common security threats effects on VoIP hardware devices. In early days the most of the VoIP systems are designed with limited energy power, computing power. Due to the legal competition in the market many vendors are keeping low cost, they are designing with low cast VoIP hardware devices but due to the changes of software applications, other system infrastructure the system need to regularly updates the device.The most common hardware devices in VoIP are PCs Telephone adaptors Mode ms VoIP phones3.1.4 Protocol VulnerabilityThe main protocols in VoIP are H.323 12 and SIP ( seance initiation protocol), these two protocols are commonly used in VoIP hardware system 19. These protocols overwhelmed with security issues. SIP protocol is a complex protocol which maintains the security in SIP RFC. In SIP the network address translation crack security and which doesnt examine firewalls.H.323 is an International Telecommunication Union standard for audio and video communication across a packet network (National bestow of Standards and Technology 2005). There are four types of devices under H.324 terminals, Gateways, Gatekeepers and Multi-Point Conference Units. The terminals are phones and computers. Gateway provides an exit to other networks. The Gatekeeper handles addressing and call routing while the MCU provided group discussion call support. H.323 uses other protocols to perform other vital tasks. UDP packets using the real-time Transport Protocol transport all da ta. H.225 handles registration, admissions status, and call signaling. H.235 also handles all security and has four different schemes call Annexes. H.323 is a complicated protocol.SIP Vulnerabilities OverviewThe below shows a SIP call flow using SIP and UDP protocols, user can send a voice call through proxy server, the pVoice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) TechnologyVoice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) Technology digestVoice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) technology which attract extra attention and awareness to the world wide business. IP telephonys system will affect the sending voice transmission in the form of packet over the IP network in the VoIP applications. Now a days many industries will use the VoIP technologies to provide the Security. In this project, I provided a variety of VoIP safety intimidation and probable approach to handle the intimidation in VoIP application.VoIP is naturally susceptible to networks attack, like hateful codes (i.e., worms, viruses, Trojans), den ial-of-service (DoS), distributed DoS (DDoS), pharming, and (though non malicious) glistering were crowded. These attacks also spoil grimy system by overriding assets, distracting sensible user, compromise private informations, or by demeaning code and records. This break affect the contaminated system, it also destroy the unaffected (or even non-vulnerable) ones. all(a) system associated to the Internet are responsive to hateful code which try to contaminate as much as hosts is probable, cause overcrowding on the network communications.The QoS which is provide to the end user is of highest significance and it is the main issue to implement the VoIP system, since if the exchange is indecipherable then there is no position in giving the service. The major factor which distresses the superiority of services is Latency, Jitter and Packet loss.CHAPTER-11.0 IntroductionThe voice enterprises continuously providing voice conversation services on over broad band by discovering the current market issues and network issues from past 20 years, the voice transition industry undergone various security and network issues to produce better quality voice service to transit on over broad band. The current voice market has been step up into the new level of voice protocols for providing VoIP services during low bandwidth, high level of data and voice transmission provisions.The VOIP technologies allow sharing the resource of disgusted for supporting data and voice for saving the cost for transmission process 1. The VoIP provides many advantages to the enterprises, the migration of voice and telephone application form TDM switch network to IP packet switched network provides many advantages to enterprises during the migration of voice into IP application the enterprises need to provide security to the data applications 2.However the enterprises need to chance on the security issues and employee new techniques to protect against attacks. Security and QoS is a main fit of VOI P system, the data on voice networks have been attacked by viruses, worms, DOS attacks and other unknown authentication users 3. The VOIP architecture is a complete network vertical structure which is compound with many of the networking devices, the design structure have to ensure that whether the components will cope the unwanted attacks. The protocol structure in a VOIP system is a more sensible factor due to the light ambitious. Here we introduce the attacks on over VoIP system.VOIP OverviewVoIP stands for Voice over Internet Protocol which is the mainly used in the transmission of voice communications through IP network like internet, public switched networks 4. The concept of VoIP mainly targets of the transmission of voice based messages and applications by using different protocols and is ancestral via the internet.The basic steps involved in the transmission of voice signals through the internet are Conversion of voice to analog and digital signal. conglutination and co nversion of the signal into Internet Protocol Packets to broadcast over Internet.VoIP systems adopt different session control protocols for commanding over the set-up, tear-down of calls and also different audio codecs which allow for encoding the voice signal and allow the transmission. These audio codecs may vary form system to system where some of them are based on the narrow band and some on the cockeyed speech where some other system may use high fidelity audio codecs.Technologies used to implement VoIP H.323 12 IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) Session initiation Protocol (SIP) 5 Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) 51.1 Problem commentaryIn the past days the VoIP security is a not a big concern the people were mainly concerned with the functionalities, cost and the usage, but the VOIP communication trend has been encouraged the VOIP communication system widely accepted by the people due to the high acceptance of VOIP system the security issues are main concern.However the VoIP se rvices are rapidly growing in the current voice communication system, many unauthenticated users and hackers are stealth the VoIP services and hacking the services from the service providers and re routing to their personal usage. Some of the security standards are not credential they only supports to authentication over calls, but the problem with the service theft.The security concerns will affect on quality of the system, due to the security tools and security solutions will conflict on quality of service. The system will accept the security tools those tools shouldnt decrease the quality. The basic issue of the quality is firewall. The firewall will blocks the calls for security constrains it will not process the signaling which are allocated to the UDP ports. Due to the security issues on VoIP devices will consumes extra time for packet delivery and which consumes extra time during the call so it may delay the packet delivery, due to the encryption and decryption mechanism wil l conflict the call time.1.2 Objectives of the studyThe basic objective of this is to detect source of attacked packet on over network To formally define the network security problems and unauthorized access incidents To define the most accredited security techniques and security methods To evaluate the prototype system and packet feature mechanism Email and other internet message are easily integrated with the voice applications To support the multimedia applications, which provides less cost effective services for video conference, gaming To supports a low cost, flat rate price on the voice communication over thePublic Internet and Intranet services. Sends the call signaling messages over the IP-based data Network with a suitable quality of service and much superior cost benefit. Present offline message short-lived between the users by selecting a user from predefined offline user list Present textual communication1.3 Research Method Provide authentication to the end users for ac cessing the VoIP services Design secure VoIP Configuration system Attempt to separate VoIP traffic from normal data traffic using either VLANs or a completely separate physical network. Enable authentication on SIP accounts.Internal Firewalls/ACLs should be cond to block telnet and http traffic from reaching voice VLANs or subnets.1.4 SCOPEThese researches analyze the security and performance issues, it has to research on different security levels and represent various security challenges to modern VoIP system. This research erect security methods by analyzing the modern security challenges To present various security methods this security methods are explained in chapter -3 to analyze and investigate the security threats and define the solution for obtaining better performance Balance VoIP security and performance by measuring the services and network traffic To present VoIP protocols for secure data transmission1,5 Thesis OrganizationChatper-1 Introduction General Introduction of VoIP, problem definition and Research methodsChapter -2 Literature Review Review of VoIP deployment and review of security issues and performance and VoIP security background and security challengesChapter -3 Security process VoIP security process, managing of VoIP security and security process and define the security solutionsChapter -4 VOIP security and performance Demonstrate VoIP performance , balancing of security and performance of VoIPChapter -5 Analysis overlay security and performance analysis and investigation reports of VoIP security and performance and complete project report scenarioChapter -6 Conclusion, Future Enhancement, References and Appendices.CHAPTER -22.0 LITERATURE REVIEWBackgroundVoIP is a IP telephony which is used to deliver a voice on over internet which stands for Voice over Internet Protocol which converts a voice signals to digital voice packets and transmit these packets on over network for transmitting which uses Internet protocol for coordinating v oice packets. VoIP can be deployed in dissimilar kind of IP enabled network like Internet, wireless networks, Ethernet.VoIP is a telephony system which takes voice as a analog signals and which converts it into digital format and transmit on over network by using Intern protocol.VoIP service TypesVoIP provides different types of voice service match to the communication media infrastructure the most common services are as follows Computer to computer based services PC to phone and phone to PC based services Phone to phone based VoIP services 6Computer to computerA voice exchange in between system to system is one type of communication provides free VoIPs services which it requires related software applications such as gtalk8, skype7, messengers. In this services the users need to install same softwares in their respective PCs and exchange their voices same as Peer to Peer services.PC to phone and phone to PCIt is a combination of Internet and circuit switched telephone system. The V oIP application software receives the voice and hand over to the Internet protocol to communicate on over telephone network. VoIP services provide a services to communicate with phone s by establishing VoIP network an applications such as Skype, messengers are communicate to the phones by converting respective receiving and transmitting formats.In the Phone to PC services the user can communicate from phones to PCs user can dial to PCs by calling like normal phones in this services the PC IP address contains a phone number. The user can dial from phone to assigned PC IP address phone number Skype is a best example for this kind of services, which allows users to purchase a VoIP services to communicate from phone to PC 7.The most common devices in these services are VoIP service providers Modem Internet services ATA Analog Terminal Adaptor, this convert analog signals to voice signals voice signals to analogs singlesPhone to phone based VoIP services 6 Now a days this type of servic es are using in long distance calls many communication service provide companies offering long distance calls in very abnormal price by utilizing the PSTN services.VoIP SystemA Fig- 1 shows a typical VoIP network topology which is a combination of given equipments the following equipments are1) Gatekeeper2) VoIP Gateway3) VoIP ClientsGatekeeper A VoIP gatekeeper is a routing manager and fundamental manager in a H 323 IP telephony surroundings. This is an resource in a VoIP system which manages end points of a sector. VoIP gatekeeper is expedient for managing calls, terminals and gateways. VoIP gatekeeper presents access control, bandwidth control and address translation.VoIP gatewayThe VoIP entry convert a voice calls into genuine instant in between Public switch Telephone Network (PSTN) and IP networks. The basic functionalities of VoIP entry are compression, decompression signal controlling, packetization and call routing.VoIP clients This equipment represents phones, multimedi a PCs2.1 Security Issues.VoIP Phishing How To prevent VoIP Phishing and avoided getting TrappedYou can do prevent VoIP Phishing at home and in your corporation and to avoid yourself and your associates from being keen as a Phishing victim.What is VoIP Phishing and hoe it workVoIP Phishing is a type of assault that lures the user into given personal data like phone number, credit card numbers, and password over a web site. Phishing over VoIP is become uncontrolled as VoIP makes Phishing easers for attacker.Security thread in VoIPWhile VoIP has become a one of the received communication technologies, VoIP user face a serious of security thread lets see this security issues.FirewallA firewall is software is planned to protect a personal networks from illegal access. Firewalls usually block the worthless passage from the remote to the inside of the networks and so on.Over look securityYou must not look at only at the light side of VoIP. While it is revolutionizing voice and data com munication, it does not symbolize some problematic security issues that need that need to be deal with accurately.Quality of Service Issues (Qos)Qos 9 is a basic process of VoIP if it delivers a good quality of services to the users which are more advantage to the users for saving money rather than spending much money on other communication services. The Quality is an importance factor for VoIP services providers industries. In Certain level the security issues implementation can degrade the QoS. The security procedures such as firewalls and encryption techniques block the calls and delay the packet delivery.The main QoS issues are Latency Jitter Packet loss Bandwidth problemLatencyLatency represents a delivery time for voice transmission from source to destination. The ITU-T advice that G.114 10 establish a many time of constraints on one-way latency .To achieve Quality of Service the VoIP calls must be achieve in a limited bound time.The basic issues in latency are Time spent on r outers and long network distance Security measures Voice data encoding Queuing Packetization Composition and decomposition decodeJitterThe non-uniform packets make a packet delivery delay which it is caused by scant(predicate) bandwidth. The packets are in out of sequence order, for transmitting voice media it uses RTP protocol this protocol are based on UDP so that it makes the packet in out of order sequence which degrades the QoS by not resembling the protocols at protocol level.Packet LossThe packet loss increase the latency and jitter where group of packets are arrived late will be discarded and allow new packets. The packet loss is associated with data network due to the low bandwidth and high traffic which delays the packet delivery.BandwidthThe low bandwidth delays a packet delivery which degrades the QoS by increasing the latency and jitter. The data on over network have to distribute into various nodes the data have to transmit from one node to another node during this t ransmission if it encounter any problem which it can delays the packet.The entire network design includes routers, firewall and other security measures. Certain time in the network path some of the nodes are unavailable at that time it doesnt deliver the packets to an end users.2.2 VoIP protocolsThere are numbers and numbers of network that can be working in organize to offer for VoIP communiqu service .In this part we will center no which the general to the best part of device deploy.Almost each machine in the orchis use a standardization called real time protocol (RTP) for transmit of audio and video packet between the networks. IETF is the founder of RPT. The consignment layout of numbers CODE are define in RFC 3551 (The section RTP profiles and pay load format specification of RCF. These sections address items.). Though pay load format section are define in document also print by the ITU (International telecommunication union) and in others IETF RFCs. The RTP mostly deal with issue like packets order and give mechanism to help the address wait.The H.323 7 standard uses the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) RTP protocol to transport media between endpoints. Because of this, H.323 has the same issues as SIP when dealing with network topologies involving NAT. The easiest method is to simply forward the appropriate ports through your NAT device to the internal client. To receive calls, you will ever need to forward TCP port 1720 to the client. In addition, you will need to forward the UDP ports for the RTP media and RTCP con-trol streams (see the manual for your device for the port range it requires). Older cli-ents, such as MS Netmeeting, will also require TCP ports forwarded for H.245tunneling (again, see your clients manual for the port number range). If you have a number of clients puke the NAT device, you will need to use a gate-keeper running in proxy mode. The gatekeeper will require an interface attached to the private IP subnet and the public Internet. Your H.323 client on the private IP subnet will then register to the gatekeeper, which will proxy calls on the clients behalf. Note that any foreign clients that wish to call you will also be required to register with the proxy server. At this time, Asterisk cant act as an H.323 gatekeeper. Youll have to use a separate application, such as the open source OpenH323 GatekeeperH.323 and SIP Have their origins in 1995 as researchers looked to solve the problem of how to computers can indicate communication in order to exchange audio video files.H.32312 enjoy the first commercial success due to this fact those who are working on the protocol in ITU12 worked quickly to bring out the first standard in the year 1996.While support of the two protocols on a single gateway is critical, another integral part of dual-protocol deployment is the ability for H.323 gatekeepers and SIP proxies to interwork and share routing capabilities. One method that was introduced to support time-to- market requirements uses routing interaction between a Cisco SIP Proxy Server and an H.323 gatekeeper.The business model for some carriers using the Cisco Global Long keep Solution is to provide origination and termination of voice-over-IP (VoIP) minutes for several other service providers. This business model has been very successful with deployment of H.323-based services, but these Cisco customers would also like to attract additional SIP-based service providers. Ideally, these customers would like to use their existing voice-gateway infrastructure to support additional SIP-based offerings.Cisco has provided these carriers with a way to add new SIP services by adding capabilities to the Cisco SIP Proxy Server to allow it to handshake with an H.323 gatekeeper using the H.323 RAS protocol. By enabling a SIP proxy server to communicate with an H.323 gatekeeper using RAS location request, location confirmation, and location preclude messages and responses, a Cisco SIP Proxy Server can obtain optimized routing information from VoIP gateways that have been deployed in the service providers network.The Cisco architecture allows for protocol exibility and enables, one call-by-call basis, use of a particular session protocol. This exibility allows customers to deploy SIP networks on proven packet telephony infrastructures, while still maintaining upshot H.323 functionality within their networks. With the ability to support the connection of customers and carriers using either rotocol, service providers can offer a variety of application hosting and sharing services, and be more aggressive in pursuing wholesale opportunities via new services. Some principles for coexistence that are critical for successful multiprotocol deployments are transport capabilities across time-division multiplexing (TDM) interfaces, dual tone multifrequency (DTMF) processing capabilities and fax relay support. In deployments where both protocols are used, it is important that there are n o performance limitations related to the call mix between SIP and H.323 calls, and that there is no significant digression in calls-per-second measurements compared to a homogeneous SIP or H.323 network.Cisco gateways provide support for coexistence of SIP and H.323 calls beginning with Cisco IOS Software Release 12.2(2)XB. to a higher place illustrates packet voice architectures for wholesale call transport and 2 illustrates termination services for application service providers (ASPs) where SIP and H.323 are used concurrently for signaling.Reasons for VoIP DeploymentWhen you are using PSTN line, you typically pay for time used to a PSTN line manager company more time you stay at phone and more youll pay. In addition you couldnt talk with other that one person at a time.In opposite with VoIP mechanism you can talk all the time with every person you want (the needed is that other person is also connected to Internet at the same time), as far as you want (money independent) and, i n addition, you can talk with many people at the same time.If youre still not persuaded you can consider that, at the same time, you can exchange data with people are you talking with, sending images, graphs and videos.There are two main reasons to use VoIP lower cost than traditional landline telephone and various value-added services.Low Cost Higher multimedia applicationTraditional telephone system requires highly trained technicians to install and custom configuration. Companies find the need to call the service of specialist to implement, simple tasks like moving adding a phone. Modules such as voicemail and the additional lines are the part of perpetual bike of upgrades and modifications that make telephony support a very profitable business. The methodology use to implement PSTN business phone system is well understand and the industry is very mature. Hence company can make a purchase with the confidence that if they are installing a traditional system it will function and include an excellent supported infrastructure.IDC reports the number of VoIP ports shipped in 2005 will be equal to traditional analogues deployment. Non to be taken lightly, the average out lifespan of a voice system range from 5-10 years. In 5 to 10 years, an analogues telephone system will be the exception as opposed to the telephone standards. Qualified technicians, whom are required to work on propriety system, will be difficult to come by. In addition, the conniption of telephone manufacture going out of business or the technology simply being repulsed by a more agile and less costly alternative, are both risks that must be taken into account in well informed decision.Fortunately a company can take few preventive to protect them from outdated system. One such step is use of standards technologies that are back by a number of company and possibly trade group as opposed to a single entity. In VoIP space a good example is session Initiation Protocols, SIP. SIP is supported by the large majority of vendors and is considered the industry standard protocol for VoIP. Beyond analogue lines that terminate from an ISP, The traditional telephony market does not have much interoperability. For example it is not be integrate an Avaya PBX with a Nortel PBX.Hidden cost can be positive in any technology deployment. The downtime experienced with buggy or peaked(predicate) implemented technology, in addition to the cost of qualified consultants to remedy such asChallenges of VoIPThough VoIP is becoming more and more popular, there are still some challenging problems with VoIPBandwidth Network which available is an important anxiety in network. A network can be busted down into many nodes, associations and produce a big quantity of traffic flow, therefore, the availability of each node and link where we only focus on the bandwidth of the VoIP system. An in a data network, bandwidth overcrowding can cause QoS problems, when network overcrowding occur, packets need to b e queued which cause latency as well as jitter. Thus, bandwidth must be accurately reserved and billed to ensure VoIP quality. Because data and voice share the same network bandwidth in a VOIP system, the necessary bandwidth condition and allocation become more complex. In a LAN surroundings, switches usually running at 100 Mbps (or 1000 Mbps), upgrading routers and switches can be the effective ways to address the bandwidth bottleneck inside the LAN.Power Failure and Backup Systems Traditional telephones work on 48 volts which is supplied by the telephone line itself without international power supply. Thus, traditional telephones can still continue to work even when a power breakdown occurs. However, a backup power system is also required with VOIP so that they can continue to operate during a power breakdown. An organization usually has an uninterruptible power system (UPS) for its network to pass over power failure, 14Security As VoIP becomes too popular, the issues related to VoIP network are also very progressively and more arising 15. W. Chou 16 has investigation the different security of VoIP investigation the different and also given some facultative strategies for these issues. In reference 17, the authors also outline the challenges of securing VoIP, and provide guidelines for adopting VoIP technology.Soft phone Soft phones are installed on system thus should not be used where the security is an anxiety. In todays world, worms, viruses, Trojan houses, spy wares and etc are everywhere on the internet and very complex to defend. A computer could be attacked even if a user does not open the email attachment, or a user does nothing but only visit a compromise web site. Thus use of soft phones could bring high risks for vulnerabilities.Emergency calls Each traditional telephone link is joined to a physical location, thus emergency tune-up providers can easily quest for callers locality to the emergency send out office. But dissimilar traditional tele phone lines, VoIP technology allows an exacting number could be from anywhere this make emergency services more problematical, because these emergency call centers cannot get the callers location or it may not be possible to send out emergency services to that location. Although the VoIP providers provide some solutions for emergency calls, there is at rest need of manufacturing principles in VOIP surroundings.Physical security The most significant issue in VoIP network is Physical security. An attacker can do traffic psychoanalysis once actually they access to VoIP. In between server and gateway, like to determine which parties are communicating. So the physical security policy and some controls are needed to control the VoIP network access mechanism. Otherwise, risks such as insertion of snuffer software by attackers could cause data and all voice connections being intercept.Wireless Security affiliation in wireless network nodes were integrated with VoIP network which receives m ore and more popular and accepted 18. The wireless networks are very feeble as compared to Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP). The algorithm for 802.11 is week because WEP can be cracked with public available software. This is the major project in wireless network for example the more common and popular WiFi protected Access (WPF and WPA 20) which administrated by Wi-Fi Alliance are providing more significant security in improvement, the WPA protected is also integrated with wireless technology in VoIP.CHAPTER -3Related Work3.0 Security StudiesVoice of Internet Protocol is the undermentioned generation telecommunications method. It allows to phone calls to be route over a data network thus saving money and offering increased features and productivity. All these benefits come at a price, vulnerability. It is easier to attack and exploit a voice and data network. VoIP will need extra security measures beyond the standard security that is typically implement for a computer network. Many i ssues need to be addressed such as type of attacks, security, quality of service and VoIP protocols.Voice over IP (VoIP) is a one of the most challenging technology in todays market. The importance of VoIP is rapidly growing, many vendors introducing VoIP services with mature technologies for improving quality of services and security. In this chapter I am discussing about security models and security process.3.1 VoIP Security ProcessThere are many VoIP protocols in the market. Some are proprietary while others are open standards. The two most popular open protocols are H.323 and SIP. They were designed by two different organizations and operate slightly differently. They both have problems with the use of random ports problems with NAT translations and firewalls.Security for VoIP devices and VoIP network is a complex process, securing of VoIP protocols and data float invokes at many stages. The most common VoIP vulnerabilities are as follows Software Related Device related Protoc ol related System Configuration related Application level attacks3.1.2 Software Related VulnerabilitiesThe basic flaws in software vulnerable are operating services and functions problems and quality, operating system interface and administrations 19. Software application interfaces, software application logic Software applications Application interfaces3.1.3 Device Related VulnerabilitiesOne of the most common security threats effects on VoIP hardware devices. In early days the most of the VoIP systems are designed with limited energy power, computing power. Due to the sonorous competition in the market many vendors are keeping low cost, they are designing with low cast VoIP hardware devices but due to the changes of software applications, other system infrastructure the system need to regularly updates the device.The most common hardware devices in VoIP are PCs Telephone adaptors Modems VoIP phones3.1.4 Protocol VulnerabilityThe main protocols in VoIP are H.323 12 and SIP (Sessio n initiation protocol), these two protocols are commonly used in VoIP hardware system 19. These protocols overwhelmed with security issues. SIP protocol is a complex protocol which maintains the security in SIP RFC. In SIP the network address translation crack security and which doesnt examine firewalls.H.323 is an International Telecommunication Union standard for audio and video communication across a packet network (National wreak of Standards and Technology 2005). There are four types of devices under H.324 terminals, Gateways, Gatekeepers and Multi-Point Conference Units. The terminals are phones and computers. Gateway provides an exit to other networks. The Gatekeeper handles addressing and call routing while the MCU provided conference call support. H.323 uses other protocols to perform other vital tasks. UDP packets using the real-time Transport Protocol transport all data. H.225 handles registration, admissions status, and call signaling. H.235 also handles all security and has four different schemes call Annexes. H.323 is a complicated protocol.SIP Vulnerabilities OverviewThe below shows a SIP call flow using SIP and UDP protocols, user can send a voice call through proxy server, the p

Management, Leadership and Public Health Planning

Management, Leadership and Public wellness cookingStudent Name Aphrodis Ndayisaba0. IntroductionThe complexity and dynamism of healthcargon systems well-nigh the world make them require strong, knowledgeable and skilful managers and leadership. The need for rough-and-ready health managers and leaders is of paramount grandness in altogetherowing organisations and professionals to get hold of their tendencys. recrudesce of the knowledge and skills that healthc atomic number 18 services managers and leaders should mother include training and multifariousness commission.In this essay, we bequeath discuss, using a health leap out and examples, the measuring sticks under taken in prep serve well and later on we willing be discussing on miscellaneous charges that healthc are services managers and leaders would partake to effect organisational assortment.1. The gaits in a health readying butt against correspond to Ardal et al (2006), a plan is defined as a map, as a preparation, as an arrangement. Planning defines the mode where the organisation or a person is heading and how to r from to each one one there. sundry(a) activities are undertaken in health planning work out. It is give tongue tod that health planning mold follows as the same basic steps as both planning answer and these steps form a cycle which is comm save repeated in the planning process for programs, populations, systems or health goals. The unavoidableness of repeated cycle is due to the prevailing conditions which some or all may push to the change of the existing plan. For example, new evidences to create, restore or support health are released unceasingly, thus to incorporate these evidences into plans, the planning process should be cyclical (Ardal al, 2006).According to Ardal et al (2006), most planning cycles counterbalance seven steps which are canvass the purlieu backing directionsput problems and take exceptions disclose ranges of ascendants to the pro blem and challengesIdentify the preferred solutionsImplementationEvaluationAccording to the same source, some people might argue that planners are only manifold in the first five steps yet planners are also instrumental in understanding and supporting to shape the death penalty plan and rating. They may be invited to provide support in these latter(prenominal)(prenominal) activities.To discuss on these steps, we use an example of a community health take to on fighting against malaria in a local district.1.1. Surveying the environmentThis step is touch with the discipline collection to determine the menstruum feature regarding the issue under condition. The assessment of the current location is make from various perspectives. For example, in the planning process for the project to fight against malaria, those involved in the planning process can review the old plans nigh the project. According to Chatora and Tumusiime (2004), the review of the previous plans is essential in the planning process as it helps find out whether the government policy changed over a period of time and what its impact on the plan. Additionally, the planners can review the previous plans to see any change on indisputable key learning in the planning wish well demographic information on the tote up of the locate population, social, economic and cultural factors, community engagement in the process and health delivery. Similarly, the review of the previous plans provides information on the change slightly resources like human, financial and material resources and about the performance of the previous plans.1.2. Setting directionsThis step involves goals and objectives setting and the establishment of the standards against which the existing health/ illness status or existing organisational or system performance will be compared with. Simply put, at this stage, health planners seek to answer the key query where do we want to go? or what do we want to chance upon. In other words, the health planners identify the desirable future state or outcome for the issue in question.For example, during the planning process of the project intended to fight against malaria in the district, those involved may set the target of having zero death due to malaria in the district during a certain period.1.3. Identification of problems and challengesThis step is concerned with the identification and quantification of the shortfalls mingled with the existing locating and the desirable situation. To identify problems and challenges, the operable data should be taken into consideration data from health information management system, community surveys, census, reports, and anecdotes alike.Problems can be either primary or secondary. On one hand, Primary problems include illnesses identified in the community like malaria, tuberculosis HIV infection, leprosy or other colligate to socioeconomic factors like inequity, unfairness or patient of dissatisfaction. On the ot her hand, secondary problems or contributory problems are those problems related to poor health systems like shortage of health resources, poor health delivery services and poor management skills which contribute to the primary problems (Chatora Tumusiime, 2004).For example, during the process of planning the project to fight against malaria, planners have to make use of various data sources to determine the causes of the deficit between the current situation and the desire after situation about malaria in their district1.4. Identification of range of solutions to problems and challengesAt this stage, a range of solutions to each identified problem and challenge is identified. Also, at this stage, an assessment of each possible solution, using criteria like feasibility with the on hand(predicate) resources, cost- rough-and-readyness, is done so that each solution can be compared with each other to ease the process of previousitisation.For example, in planning process about commun ity health project to fight against malaria, each identified problem and challenge that impede the initiatives to fight malaria a solution should be sought to it.However, given the complexity of this step in identifying solutions to the problems and challenges, creativity is of paramount importance as some problems and challenges may not have readily forthcoming solutions (Ardal al, 2006).1.5. Identification of preferred solutionsThis step is concerned with the selection of a solution or a range of solutions to deal with the identified problems and challenges in the higher up step. The selection of the solutions may require to take into consideration fiscal and governmental context and other limiting factors (Ardal al, 2006).For example, in choosing solutions to the problems and challenges to the fight against malaria, government policies and guidelines and the for sale resources and other limiting factors should be not be ignored.1.6. ImplementationThis step deals with the im plementation of the selected solutions and it is preceded by the development of implementation plan.1.7. EvaluationIt utter that this step may start with the development of an evaluation plan well prior to the tangible evaluation. This step is concerned with the evaluation of the outcomes of the implemented solutions to determine if the latter resulted in achieving the goals set in the planning process. It is also concerned with the evaluation of the environment in which the plan was carried out to determine if any change occurred hence helping depict whether the implemented solutions were less effective, more effective or irrelevant. Additionally, it involves developing ongoing tracking system methods to be apply to continuously make identification and assessment of the planned or unwitting outcomes of the implemented actions (Ardal al, 2006).2. Various ways to effect organisational changeHealthcare organisations, like any other organisations, either public or private continuo usly undergo changes. The need for change or reform in these organisations is account to be fundamental to the management process. Managers of these organisations need to adapt how they work when confront with contextual changes such as the emerging new technologies, changes in environmental pressures, demographics, political ideologies, socioeconomic context and rising demand and cost (Goodwin et al, 2006). So, organisations have to change as their familiar and external environment constantly change.numerous baffles and theories of change management have been proposed in the literature. These impersonates include the 7-S object lesson, PESTELI, soft systems methodology, Kurt Lewins classic three-phase model of change-unfreeze, move or change and unfreeze, John Kotters popular 8 step change model, etc. (Goodwin et al,2006 The State of Queensland, 2014). It is stated that each model has its own advantages and disadvantages and no one go on is exceed in all circumstances. Indee d it is not so much the actual model or theory that is crucial, but more that the approach that is taken is relevant to the circumstances (The state of Queensland, 2014). In essence, the take up change model appear to make use of and adjust aspects of various models to meet the socialization of the organisation in question and the context of change needed. Basically, it is reported that the goal of all change management is to secure the involvement of each and each one to the change and align individual and team demeanour and skills with the change (The state of Queensland, 2014)For the case of the director of the Directorate of Public Health who of necessity to replenish the image of the organisation after observing that it was getting negative, below are the proposed ways that can be partaken to effect the health organisational change. They are the analytical tools that they can be used to develop a lucid strategic response to the situation like the one mentioned above.The 7S modelPESTELI bonkers systems methodologyProcess modellingSWOT analysis2.1. The 7S modelThe 7S model is one of the diagnostic tools that healthcare organisation managers can use to ingest situational analysis to assess the gap between what is and what ought to be and it is often a tool that can be used for the justification for change management programmes. This model suggests that there are seven criteria which require the harmonisation of each other. These criteria are the followingStrategy this criteria is concerned with the plan or pass over of action that leads to the allocation of organisations resources to achieve its goals.Structure This involves the great(p) characteristics of the organisational chart. This is related to the organisational leadership structure and how its parts are interconnected in spite of appearance the organisation.Systems This banner is concerned with the processes and procedures and the information flow around the organisation.Staff This criter ion is concerned with the categories of human resources within the organisation.Style This is related to leadership stylus that the managers use to reach the organisations goals.Shared values This is concerned with the guiding principles that the organisation instil to its members.Skills This is related to the staff capacity of the organisation.Goodwin et al (2006) state that the 7S model can be used in twain ways in identifying strengths and weaknesses by taking into consideration the linkage between each criteria and how change made in one criterion will impact on all of the others.Despite its attractiveness of its dual stress on soft and hard organisational components, it is criticised of providing one-sided organisational culture with the only touch on focus on the similarities that stick to the organisation and ignore other important aspects like conflict and disagreement (Goodwin et al, 2006).2.2. PESTELIPESTELI is described as checklist used to poll the environment in wh ich the organisation operates. It stands forP Political factors political pulse and influences that have an effect on organisational performance or other options fan out to the organisation.E Economic influences competitive nature that the organisation faces and the financial resources available within the economy.S Social trends change in demographics, trends in the behaviour and attitude of people regarding how they live, work and think.T Technological innovations new ways of doing new and old things and mitigating new or old problems be it equipment or new ways thinking or organising.E Ecological factors this involves specify wider ecological system to which the organisation belongs and the manner the latter interacts with.L legislative requirement these extend from the employment law to environmental regulations.I intentness analysis this is concerned with reviewing of the rousing quality of the industry to which the organisation belongs.As the 7S model, PESTELI can be used to conduct an analysis of the favouring factors in the environment in which the organisation operates and those that hinder the progress (Goodwin et al, 2006).2.3. Soft systems methodologyIt is a tool which helps in articulating complex social processes. This is done by pitch together concerned people so that they can express their points of view, challenge them and test them. The following steps are undertaken when using this toolIdentify a problem and its causes from the stakeholders, cultural and political perspectives, without any attempt to implement a preconceived structure or to over-simplify the processes in place.Articulate get-go definitions of relevant systems purpose, dynamics, inputs and outputs.Discuss on the situation with the stakeholders by describing the needed activities to achieve the root definitions using for instance process mapping tool or cause-and-effect diagram.Compare models with reality by observing, discussing and defining what to alter on the structu re, process and attitude.Take action to implement the proposed solutions.Despite the importance of this tool in making change happening, it was criticised of being time consuming and costly. Also, there are concerns of whether organisational members are enough motivated to undertake the task to its end (Iles and Sutherland, 2001 cited in Goodwin et al, 2006).2.4. Process modellingProcess modelling is used as an approach to capture and clarify different views and expectations of a process. It helps increase the understanding of the situation at hand and how the proposed new one will make a difference. Simply put, the aim of this tool is to capture the dynamics of a situation so that those involved can brainstorm and come up with the best practices to change the current process.2.5. SWOT analysisSWOT analysis is other important tool used to examine an organizations internal strengths and weaknesses, its opportunities for growth and improvement, and the threats the external environmen t presents to its survival (Harrison, 2010). It is a systematic way of examining why an organization needs to change. SWOT stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats.This tool can be used in combination with other tool. For example, it is used together with the 7S model to identify organisational internal factors and PESTELI to identify external factors that hinder the growth or the normal functioning of the organisation.REFERENCESARDAL, S. ET AL, 2006. The Health Planners Toolkit. http//www.health.gov.on.ca/transformation/providers/information/resources/health_planner/module_1.pdf 6-11-14.CHATORA, R., TMUSIIME,P., 2004. District Health Management Team Training Modules. Module 4 Planning and Implementation of District Health Services. https//www.k4health.org/sites/default/files/Module%204.pdf 5-11-14.GOODWIN, N. ET AL., 2006. Managing Health Services. London Open University Press.HARRISON,J., 2010. Essentials of Strategic Planning in Healthcare. Washington AUPHA P ress.THE earth OF QUEENSLAND, 2014. Change Management Best Practices Guide Five (5) key factors uncouth to success in managing organisational. changehttp//www.psc.qld.gov.au/publications/subject-specific-publications/assets/change-management-best-practice-guide.pdf 6-11-14.1

Tax Reform In The United States Economics Essay

evaluate Reform In The linked States Economics EssayThis research c all over discusses the theme of evaluate mitigate in the linked states. Nowa sidereal days this issue is an actual one. M any(prenominal) Ameri rats ar gratifyed greatly in this issue and even express their in-person opinions on this topic. The research newsprint discusses different problems with the current impose corpse and represents some roots concerning some changes in the US impose reform.Key lecture tax, tax placement, tax reform.1. IntroductionIt is impossible to carry out sassy transformations for the purpose of steady climb upment of the economy without formation an effective tax system. revenue reform is a process which changes tax policies of the grown medication. It is cognize that on that point be different goals of this process such as reduction of the tax level of all the large number, changing tax system for more than(prenominal) reformist effect, simplification of tax system. A good tax reform can improve the life of many people.1.1. Significance of the studyThis research paper discusses one of the well-nigh important issues in the development of the scotchal system tax reform. This issue is an actual one not completely for the united States but for any country of the world because financial sector plays a key piece in the present day development of the economy. revenue reform is a main tool of the government activityal concur. In the consideration of tightening business competition there is a necessity to hold in appropriate measures in getting over the consequences of the financial and economic crises 2008-2009. So, tax reforms have such functions which bequeath help to stimulate economical return and innovative activity, and to attach social protection.1.2. Definition of termsIn parliamentary law to conduct a good research on tax reforms it is necessity to represent some economical terms which will be utilize in the process o f research. They be the following ones tax revenuees are stomachments which are do by the natural and legal persons (enterprises, organizations and citizens) for the government revenues in mandatory manner. It is a duty of everybody to pay taxes. evaluatees are necessary because by means of taxes the government has an opportunity to control some economical processes in the country.They help to develop and reduce some kinds of business, to guide the development of these or those brunches of industry, to influence the economic activity of some enterprises and organizations, to balance consumers supply and demand, to regulate the amount of specie in circulation.Tax system is the total of taxes, fees and former(a) obligatory payments which are cookn according to the legislative acts. The main characteristic features of any tax system include the following onesthe total of taxes fixed by the governmentthe complex of principles, forms and methods of their putting into operationthe s ystem of tax authorities, forms and methods of tax controlrights and duties of the participants of tax relationsorder and conditions of the tax process. (Roach, 2006)2. Discussion themesThis research paper touches upon the themes which are closely connected with the topic of the paper. It discusses issues and problems with current system in the United States. Moreover it gives some new ideas for tax reform.2.1.Some Facts from the history of Tax Reforms in the USAAccording to the historical data, there were a trade of various front lines in the USA which had the main goal to reform the solicitation and the management of taxes in the country. Thus, the Whiskey Rebellion which took place in 1799, is considered to be the first effort to carry out tax reform in the USA.From the historical sources we learn that George Washington who was the US President at that succession sent about 13000 troops to the western part of the state pascal in order to put down the rebellions. Another pre gnant elbow grease against tax reforms took place at the end of the 19th century. henry George, who was an neat American economist of that time, was at the head of that apparent motion. The main goal of that movement was to abolish all forms of tax revenue other than the Single tax on land values. He offered this single tax in his book shape up and Poverty in 1879.This plan was not put into practice although it got support. This movement on tax policy was spread not only in the United States but too on Australia and New Zealand. However, the organization which is called The Henry George Foundation of America continue to promote this form of taxation reform. (Barker, 1985)It is gon that some(prenominal) organizations in the United states are engaged in tax reform in the country among which are Americans for Tax Reform, Americans for Fair Taxation, Americans for trustworthy Taxes. These and other organizations have already promoted some ideas concerning tax simplification in t he United States which include Flat tax plans, Fair tax and two-part tax reform proposals. (Tuerck et al., 2007)2.2 The Structure of Taxation in the United States and its heartIt is known that the system of taxation in the United states is a forward-looking one. It means that the per centumage of income which is nonrecreational by the household will increase with the increasing income. In other words those people who earn more will pay a higher prize of taxes. here is an patternA person earns $100,000 a year, he will pay 25% of it $25,000.A person earns $30,000 a year, he will pay only 10%tax rate $3,000.However, there may be likewise regressive and proportional tax systems.Some Reasons for using the Progressive tax system in the USAProgressive tax system stands for the idea that those people who earn more should pay more tax rate because they have more opportunities to pay and they will not forego the most necessary things such as health care or pedagogics. drop-off of inequalities in the society. (Roach, 2006)2.3. Different types of taxes in the USA in that respect are several different types of taxes in the United States. All these taxes are collected by the Internal Revenue services. They are the following onesIncome taxesCorporate taxes. These taxes are establish on the companys income per a financial year.Investment taxes. These taxes are usually paid when a person receives some dividends and capital gains. (Smith, 2010)There are also some other types of taxes which are paid by the individuals income tax, sales tax, plaza tax, social security tax, medicare tax and others. (McIntosh 2010)Taxes on business include national which include four groups income, self employment, payroll and excise, state which include putting surface state business taxes (sales tax, employment tax and business income tax) and local which are collected by cities and counties in order to supplement services for this or that area. (La Rose, 2010)2.4. Problems with the Current Tax System in the United StatesThe US Tax System is considered to be a complex one. It has its peculiarities which differ it from the tax systems of other countries of the world. However, the US Tax system has both advantages and disadvantages. The last ones require certain changes. Here is the list of problems with the current Tax System in the United StatesA fabulously complex tax system with numerous layers of taxation on the same money taxes on income and salaries, ans savings. According to the statistical data, four of five position-class Americans pay more in payroll taxes than in income taxes. (Walby, 2008)High rate of unemployment (about 10,3 million persons).Little of the mortgage interest deduction refer to those people who are at low and middle level of income.(Walby, 2008)About 18% of taxpayers have got out of the system. The income taxes fail to take the cash payments and other unjustified transactions concerning illegal immigrants.The income taxes assist imports over the US production by excluding imports from Us tax and it penalizes the US exports giving an opportunity to some foreign countries to impose taxes when our goods are delivered to their shops. This fact regaining the US exports and even costs the Americans their jobs. (17% price advantage over the US goods.)(Tuerck et al., 2007)The income tax system puts the highest corporate tax rate enforcing companies to be primed(p) in other countries.Great problems with education, many students do not know about the financial aid which can be given to them. College education became too expensive. College graduates have debts of more than $19.000 when they leave college.A great lie with of manufacturing jobs were lost due to breaking out the US manufacturing trade deficit. (Arduin, LafferMoore Econometrics, 2006)2.5. hearingInterviewer Hello What is your attitude to the present day tax system? atomic number 18 you satisfied with it?Mr. Brown, an engineer/49 years old Good day I sound off I pay too much in taxes.Mr. Wilson, a doctor/29 The Tax Code is too enigmaticMs. Whinthrop, a manager/41 I pay through the schnozzle on income and payroll taxes and they say we still dont have balanced budgetsMs. Hartcoph, a student/20 I think rich people do not pay their fair share.Mr. Carack, a worker/27 Oh, pocketable guys like me cannot take advantage of the tax code like those people who earn much and corporations do.Ms. Curts, a pensioner/71 You know, fifteen percent of Americans do not pay any income tax any moreMr. Bronks, a builder/38 Our current tax system taxes the light but not the rich. The programs are all for the benefit of the rich and on the backs of the poor.Analyzing the above mentioned interview, we can say that many people are not satisfied with the current tax system. They consider it should be changed. Most Americans occupy fair Tax plan. (Kotlikoff, et al., 2006)Some words about the main idea of this plan. The Fair Tax is a proposal to replace the following taxes as the federal official corporate income tax, the federal payroll tax, the federal estate tax, the federal gift tax, the federal generation-skipping tax with a federal retail sales tax, assessed at a single rate. The Fair Tax guarantees a discount to each household which will be based on its demographic composition. The main idea is that the rebate ensures that households who live at or infra the poverty line in the United States will pay no taxes on net income. (Kotlikoff et al., 2006)2.6. Some New Ideas for Tax Reform in the United StatesOf course, it is very difficult to judge but I think that there should be some changes in the tax system of the Unites States. Here are some ideas for tax reformThose countries which supply the United States with their products (for example, China) should pay more for import of their products.It is necessary to replace the existing federal Tax Code of the United States into a more simplified version.It will be good to impose no taxes on export and corporate gelt in order to save jobs and to make the US companies more competitive.There should be no taxes on education tuition fees.Non-filers should pay taxes when they bargain for goods or use services.Those who get low incomes should not pay any taxes.3. ConclusionIn conclusion, it is necessary to say that taxes play an important role both in the economy of the country and in the life of citizens. Tax money is used by the government to run the most significant activities. This money may also be invested in some projects which will be beneficial for all the citizens of the country. It is very important to have such a tax system in the country which will be appropriate for citizens of all the levels of income and will allow all of them to live a full life. That is why we need tax reforms.

Relationship Between Multiculturalism and Liberalism

Relationship Between Multi ethnicism and LiberalismIn the context of semipolitical thought, it would be so hard to think of multi paganism separate from blanket(a)ism. Beyond the scope of political theory, the internal and external dynamics of the countries, the relationship between land and the ships company shed been rein compel on the values of democracy and liberalism. This essay aims to look for and explain the relationship between multiethnicalism and liberalism e additionally liberal egalitarianism within the frame of nonage blush outs.Multiculturalism started to manifest itself in the political realm subsequently 1980s. There ar two main events that triggered the rise of multiculturalism Firstly, after the go under of communism in Eastern Europe, disciplineism has become the prominent divisor of the democratization process. Secondly, a unfermented wave of re manalism has risen among any(prenominal) aggroups in Western democratic countries. It has been obs erved that even the Western severalises that built on liberal values could non completely overcome the problems regarding ethnic and spiritual groups in their societies. Now, we live in more than and more modify and multicultural societies. Immigration and minorities defecate been an imminent part of the debates of everyday governance for a very long time. The politicians include their views and policies in their electoral campaigns, surveys are held to get more information nigh public horizon and more all historic(p)ly political theorist are looking for new shipway and perspectives as coping or integrating strategies. For instance, the question of the illiberal minorities and the peril of them to violate the liberal principles was unceasingly on that point as a moot and debatable unmatchable. Thus, this case brings us two important questions to discuss To what consequence should we protect the minority rightlys and how should we recognize the minority identitie s?For many, it is an undoubtedly accepted event that liberal submit should be neutral barely what should be the carriage of this neutral state when it comes to the clash between the values of bulk and minority?If we ever need to take unrivaled thing for granted in liberal state, it would be the strong idea that each(prenominal) singular should get to the necessary rights and opportunities to follow the ways which lead them to a satisfactory life-time. Moreover, individuals should be free while deciding on their own understanding of good life and should obey their goals freely. Therefore, this principle requires that individuals who are coming from various backgrounds from the majority and having different religious and cultural customs and values should besides pursue their understanding of good life without giving up their own. An other important aspect of liberal political orientation concerning individual rights is that no state or government has the right to inven tionualize a project of good life and impose it upon its citizens. (Kukathas, 1992 p. 108) Thus, in my opinion any attempts stepping out of this line could be easily labelled as assimilative regarding religious and cultural minorities.At this betoken, it would be nonable to remind that, in the liberal state, an individuals realm of license ends when a nonher individuals begins. This is accepted as another important principle of liberal state regarding individual freedom which is similarly seen as a guarantee of the individual freedom of each member in the society. In this case, the rights that groups have been entitle could go as far as that they would threat or violate the human rights and values. What should be the locating of the liberal state roughly an intervention? Do individuals cull to be a part of these groups and communities?The Proper Attitude of the Liberal equalitarian towards MulticulturalismLiberal egalitarians favour a system in which state treats its citizen s as and creates much(prenominal) an environment that each member of the society gets a good share from the resources and available opportunities. Although, this might seem as a crystallize principle at first sight, two conclusions loafer be set from this principle. First, the state should not deputise with the distribution of resources or try to equipoise the gap its citizens and second, liberal egalitarian attitude requires that each religious and cultural confederacy should have equal chance to survive and continue to do their customs in the society. In contemporary modern democratic states such as UK, France, USA and Canada we see that states spare necessary social, political and fiscal resources for the survival and continuity of different religious communities and minority polishs. The reason for that is culture is considered as an important aspect in shaping onenesss own identity and his/ her own interpretation of good life.The second point of view acknowledges th at the state should be neutral and acts within the frame of laissez faire liberalism. Otherwise, the state can create inequalities among its citizens by implementing redistributive policies or entitling minority groups with special rights. Thus, the state should take the tokenish part in the affairs of different cultural and religious groups and by nothing or minimum it supplys citizens to be hard-boiled equally. (Patten, 1992, p.1-3)Kymlicka and Multiculturalism DebateKymlicka locates his whole ideas on liberal theory and he is an important successor of liberal tradition. Thus, he places individual autonomy prior to the community and communal values. As a political philosophy, liberalism has often been seen as principally concerned with the relationship between the individual and the state, and with limiting state intrusions on the liberties of citizens (Kymlicka,Liberalism, p. 1).For just about scholars, this component of liberalism is seen as a strong one about multicultural ist affairs. In my opinion, this can be easily seen as one of the weaknesses of liberalism when it comes to the peck with the problems regarding minorities and minority rights. If we are stuck with the idea that liberal ideology is the only detonating device under which both majority and minority values can be represented and muckles can live happily together. In one of his essays, both Models of Pluralism and Tolerance, Kymlicka also begs a masterst Rawlss ideas about individual rights and defends the capabilities of group rights.Whereas Kymlicka believes that a well- cognitive process determine can be built on the idea of group rights, some scholars equivalent Kukathas argue that there is no necessity for abandoning the liberal ideologys individualist principles and create new inequalities. (Kukathas, 1992 p.4) Thus, this part will be foc determinationd on this second form of tolerance which is named as group rights by Kymlicka. (Kymlicka, 1992 p.1)Kymlickas theory is also famously known for his trait between different types of minorities based on their cultural aspects. According to him, there are societal cultures of national minorities and the cultures of poly ethnic societies. National minorities are the ones who perpetually film for their self-governmental rights. It is hard for them to get satisfied just by being entitled to some special rights. For them, self-government is the only option for their survival in multicultural society which is composed of a majority and different minority groups. Kymlicka argues that poly ethnic groups would of all time be weaker and less demanding in their right claims because of the fact that they are immigrant communities. Their right claims would be about practicing their cultural and religious customs. These communities should unendingly bear in mind that they come from another ground and culture to be hosted in a new one and they also have some duties such as learning a new language or integrating with the local community.In his book, Politics in the Vernacular, Kymlicka frequently uses the term societal culture and states that societal culture should be considered as a fundamental basis for the modern state. It is a concept consisted of both private and public spheres of life which is composed of a special K language which has historical roots on a given territory, communal educational, political, legal institutions. Moreover, societal culture is approximatelyly the result of a national building process and it includes linguistic standardization and institutional consolidation. (Kymlicka, 2000 p. 53) Thus, he goes one step further from the idea that culture is an important aspect of self- see and self- realization which paves the way for self- realization i.e. a good life. He adds institutionalization and certain(a) functioning administrative mechanisms to the shared history and values. National minorities mostly have certain tragic events, massacres or genocides in their history and they always feel or baptistry the threat of assimilation or discrimination in the nation building process. This is why Kymlicka makes certain specializations between immigrant groups and national minorities. National minorities face with the results of the events that they did not have no say in the decision fashioning process in the most undesirable ways whereas immigrants mostly (here he seems to forget that some immigrants are forced to leave their countries because of wars or other terrific events) leave their country,in which they could practice their culture in the ways they want, voluntarily for the sake of better economic opportunities.What Kymlicka understands from citizenship based on group secern rights is that ensuring the justice between members of different groups. Thus, the idea behing establishing group rights are not only about the idea of that communal rights are prior to individual ones but also about the need for establishing different rights for d ifferent groups harmonize to their needs and vulnarabilities in the society. ( Luoboyck, p.9)Tolerance vs. RecognitionI think in the most of the relevant literature, scholars did not pay enough attention to the distinction between tolerance, acceptance and recognition. Specifically, for the followers of the liberal tradition, the emphasis has always been on the rights, equality, equal rights, equal opportunities, equal treatment and so on without even asking the people that is that what you real want? It is observed that these different people are not only in the need to be identify but also recognized as who they are. The special rights that they are entitled to by liberal democratic state do not always give them to chance of being recognized or accepted in the eyes of the members of the society or even before law. This is why the ideas of Taylor is really important in the multiculturalism debate. ( Taylor, 1994 p.25)In the history of politics, there has been an important miscue from honor to dignity which has also come with the emphasis on the leveling of rights and identities. The age of the more privileged citizens has come to an end, at least in the eyes of the state and before law. It would be very optimistic to claim that all inequalities have been disappeared in this way. As Taylor argues, for many people this equalization only brought an equality for civil rights and voting rights. There are also others who claim that it also has affected the socioeconomic aspects of life but I would not agree with them. It requires more than changing votes to shape public opinion and regulate everyday life which contains many social and economic inequalities like equal pay or integrated settlement policies. Although, there are still many problems to overcome, equal citizenship has been accepted as an universal value.Thus, in the new age of politics of difference, liberal egalitarians should be ready to reconsider the classical understanding of the principles of liberal democratic state in hostelry to give more than they used to. They should be ready to present a lot of rights and immunities in severalise to recognize and accept the differences and try not to create a melting pot.Some still might argue that individual rights come before communal or group rights but the implications of this idea is mostly seen in Anglo- American world. (Taylor, 1994 p.32) I think this is one of the major reasons for why in Anglo- American world, there is always an on-going lawsuit for creating a common identity, one nation, one language for all on the one hand, and promoting the self and the individualism on the other. In my opinion, from the perspective of Taylor, they can easily be accused of implementing assimilation strategies in the name of creating a melt pot. This would be a endangermentous trap that the liberal state should carefully avoid. The equal use of resources, equal rights and treatment and states hands off laissez faire policies may lead to the danger of extinction for some cultures and identities.In todays political realm, the functioning of state mechanisms fold up that the state cannot isolate itself from the decision making process of cultural affair. As Kymlicka and Taylor also mentions, the state still has the power of making decisions about prescribed language, some religious ceremonies, official languages that are used in education, public radio and television broadcasting. Thus, the state still remains as a powerful figure to decide which cultures and religions continue to exist in the society. Thus, the liberal state should be ready to intervene when and where there is a necessity.When it comes to the features of these special rights for minorities, Lubbock indicates some principles. First, he states that all the members of the community in question have to accept the culture as it is acknowledged and there must always be an open door for anyone wants to exit in necessary cases. Moreover, a liberal demo cratic government can never adopt an attitude which tolerates illiberal actions of minority cultures or their customs. The basic principles of human rights are always prior to other policies and special rights. Second, liberal democratic governments have the responsibleness to keep the religious and special cultural practices of minorities at a minimum acceptable level which would be qualified enough. If a minority group is able to practice their customs at a sufficient level, than there would be no part to take for government. Otherwise, government should intervene and try to create a balanced situation in order to make sure that the minority people in question are able to practice their culture and religion. Thus, while polyethnic groups are being defend by some special rights within the boundaries of existing laws and regulations, this should not take into account these groups to have internal restrictions. The intention behind establishing polyethnic rights is to protect the se groups from external suppressions and the danger of extinction or assimilation. Thus, it would not be so rightful to allow polyethnic groups to have the right to make regulations and restriction on its members individual rights and freedoms.( Loobuyck, p.8-9) wise ChallengesKymlicka believes in the supremacy of societal cultures over immigrant groups and more importantly sapphic and gay community. It appears to me that Kymlicka andh his contemporaries do not give enough immensity to LGBT community as a minority group which has serious right claims. In many books of Kymlicka, there is nearly no words about LGBT people and recently he tackled the issue with respect to the Qubcois gays and lesbians and his use of language gives the impression of he is not quite familiar with the sexual urge studies literature he does not even use the term LGBT. human being separatism would involve cutting oneself off from the culture one was brocaded in, and relinquishing ones sense of nationa l identity and cultural membership. Thus gay nationalism is neither feasible nor desirable for most gays. The task, therefore must be fight homophobia within the larger society, to gain recognition and acceptance for gays and lesbians within its schools, media, courts, businesses and so on ( Kymlicka, 1992 p. 90- 95)Although, Kymlicka continues to produce precious ideas and theories, it should be accepted that there are some challenges that he could not foresee. The liberal democratic state would also be challenged by the problems or right claims that come from contemporary political movements and groups which do not have to be ethnicity based. Now there are the questions of the right claims of non-ethnic groups particularly LGBT community, forced migration, refugees and new generations of immigrant communities who did not choose to migrate but their parents made a decision to migrate like the Turkish people in Germany. In these situations, it becomes harder to talk about a matter of choice. In these cases, is it still likely to claim that societal culture and the minority groups that are based on societal culture are more valuable than the others? This could be one question that the liberal state had to answer.These ideas blur the line between integration and assimilation. It should be considered that the members of these groups are also political subjects that can influence the legislations by dint of their political power. Thus, the leading elements of liberal state should consider the option of recognition rather than mere inclusion and integration with the majority.ConclusionThis paper has open up the debate with the strong relationship between liberalism and multiculturalism to elaborate the question of How far should liberal egalitarians be prepared to countenance the special rights claims of minority cultures?.References