Essay about The Sokal Hoax - 1023 Words

The Sokal Hoax In Fall of 1994, New York University theoretical physicist, Alan Sokal, submitted an essay to Social Text, the leading journal in the field of cultural studies. This essay, entitled Transgressing the Boundaries: Toward a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity, pretended to be a scholarly article about the postmodern philosophical and political implications of the twentieth century physical theories. However, as Sokal later revealed in the journal Lingua Franca, his essay was merely a mixture of deliberately concocted blunder, stitched together so as to look good and to flatter the conceptual views of the editors. After review by five members of Social Texts editorial board, Sokals cartoon was accepted†¦show more content†¦Sokal then goes on about his views on quantum gravity and physical theory. He tries to generate political and cultural views from these views. His reasoning is supported by nothing more than a hazy patchwork of puns. When he does this, how is i t that credential scientists can claim to have a complete understanding on scientific knowledge in their field? They accepted an article that was a total hoax and didnt realize it! This article was an impenetrable swamp of jargon and citations. At the same time this article was printed, Sokal published an article in Lingua Franca revealing that the article was a total hoax, and more or less was to show the intellectual absence in the field of those that had published it. There were many different reactions to the publishing of Sokals essay. Some applauded him for putting many of the too smart for their own good/think their so smart scientists in their place. It was an ingenious act. Then there were those who frowned upon his actions in that he had no right to have such an article published. The following are some arguments that are opposing Sokals misuse of knowledge. A one sentence summary: its bad enough, being in a physics department, seeing physicist compete to try to prove theyre smarter than each other all the time; the last thing I need is to see them acting out this compulsion to prove that they are intellectual kings of the entire academy(Weiner). True, but ifShow MoreRelatedEssay on Postmodern condition780 Words   |  4 Pagesexample of flipping a deeper reality by its overriding, and then hiding its deficiencies, through breaking any relations with it and finally achieving the status of its simulacrum, completely emancipated from the power of what is real is the Sokal hoax. Sokal saw a marked reduction in the standards of intellectual reliability in some American hum anistic academic circles. That is why he decided to do the â€Å"experiment†, which consisted in checking whether the leading American journal dedicated to culturalRead MoreHumanities vs. Sciences Essay1938 Words   |  8 Pagesmanner, suggested that Snow was simply a public relations ‘stooge’ for the sciences. The argument was deepened by a pseudoscientific hoax paper published in a post-modern cultural studies journal by Sokal (1996a, 1996b), a mathematical physicist, who demonstrated that there was an acceptance of a lack of rigour in published humanities work. There was a furore over this hoax and counter arguments and rebuttals engaged many academics in a bitter dispute, but unsurprisingly an examination of this literatureRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesYork University physicist Alain Sokal submitted a sham article to the cultural studies journal Social Text, in which he reviewed some current topics in physics and mathematics a nd with tongue in cheek, drew various cultural, philosophical and political morals that he thought would appeal to fashionable postmodern academic commentators on science who question the claims of science to objectivity. The editors of Social Text did not detect that Sokal’s article was a hoax, and they published it in the

Understanding the Cash Nexus in History and Today

Cash nexus is a phrase that refers to  the depersonalized relationship that exists between employers and employees in a capitalist society. It was coined by Thomas Carlyle, a nineteenth-century Scottish historian, but is often erroneously attributed to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. It was, however, Marx and Engels who popularized the concept in their writings and fueled use of the phrase within the fields of political economy and sociology. Overview Cash nexus is a phrase and concept that became associated with the writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels because it perfectly encapsulates their thinking about the alienating nature of the relations of production within a capitalist economy. While Marx critiqued the social and political impacts of capitalism at length in all of his works, in particular in  Capital, Volume 1, it is within  The Communist Manifesto  (1848), jointly written by Marx and Engels, that one finds the most referenced passage relating to term. The bourgeoisie, wherever it has got the upper hand, has put an end to all feudal, patriarchal, idyllic relations. It has pitilessly torn asunder the motley feudal ties that bound man to his â€Å"natural superiors†, and has left remaining no other nexus between man and man than naked self-interest, than callous â€Å"cash payment†. It has drowned the most heavenly ecstasies of religious  fervour, of chivalrous enthusiasm, of philistine sentimentalism, in the icy water of egotistical calculation. It has resolved personal worth into exchange value, and in place of the numberless indefeasible chartered freedoms, has set up that single, unconscionable freedom – Free Trade. In one word, for exploitation, veiled by religious and political illusions, it has substituted naked, shameless, direct, brutal exploitation. A nexus, simply put, is a connection between things. In the passage quoted above, Marx and Engels argue that in the interest of profit, the bourgeoisie--the ruling class during the epoch of classical capitalism--had stripped away any and all connections between people except for cash payment. What they refer to here is the commodification of labor, whereby the labor of workers is effectively sold and bold on the capitalist market. Marx and Engels suggested that the commodification of labor makes workers interchangeable, and leads to workers being viewed as things rather than people. This condition further leads to commodity fetishism, wherein relations between people--workers and employers--are viewed and understood as between things--money and labor. In other words, the cash nexus has a dehumanizing power. This mindset on the part of the bourgeoisie, or among todays managers, owners, CEOs, and shareholders is a dangerous and destructive one that fosters the extreme exploitation of workers in the pursuit of profit across all industries, locally and around the world. The Cash Nexus Today The effect of the cash nexus on the lives of workers around the world has only intensified in the more than a hundred years since Marx and Engels wrote about this phenomenon. This has happened because controls on the capitalist market, including protections for workers, have been progressively dismantled since the 1960s. The removal of national barriers to relations of production which ushered in global capitalism was and continues to be disastrous for workers. Workers in the U.S. and other Western nations saw production jobs disappear because corporations were freed to pursue cheaper labor overseas. And beyond the Western world, in places like China, Southeast Asia, and India, where most of our goods are made, workers are forced to accept poverty-level wages and dangerous working conditions because, like commodities, those who run the system view them as easily replaceable. The conditions faced by workers throughout Apples supply chain are a case-in-point. Though the company preaches values of progress and togetherness, it is ultimately the cash nexus that determines its impact on workers of the world. Updated  by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

Comparing Hamlet And The Duchess Of Malfi - 2373 Words

Compare the depictions of Madness in Hamlet and The Duchess of Malfi. What is the significance of madness in each play? During the late sixteenth century, dramas an plays became a big role in entertainment and madness became one of the major themes, as Salkeld recognises that the use of madness as a metaphor for subversion became increasingly marked throughout the first half of the seventeenth century . (Salkeld, 1994, pg.144)This madness created a spark within the Elizabethan era and caused social disorder and political disorder. However this madness became the main source of attraction in many dramas and plays. Shakespeare s Hamlet and Webster s The Duchess of Malfi are both plays about revenge.This essay examines in detail the concept of madness in Hamlet by William Shakespeare and The Duchess of Malfi by John Webster. I plan on paying particular attention to the characters Hamlet and Bosola. I chose to concentrate on Bosola because I believe he has the same characteristic as of a mad man, and specifically Hamlet. I will analyse their mental stability and ambiguity in the plays and find ou t what significance they have in the storyline. Shakespeare s tragedy is based on the issue of real madness versus pretend madness. Throughout the play, Hamlet has never clearly portrayed himself to be actually mad, as his madness started out as pretence. However, from his actions, his pretend madness was thought of being his real madness. It is as Lavender says,

Essay On Trade Dispute - 1553 Words

History This section includes a brief history of the trade dispute. It is very important to mention that exchange rate played a crucial role in these disagreements, but they will be explained in details later in the paper. It all started in the year 1982, when the US lumber lobbyists submitted a petition to the US Department of Commerce regarding the unfair practices in Canada; especially to investigate the stumpage systems in British Colombia, Alberta, Ontario and Quebec. Hence, they claimed their sales and profits diminished and that they were injured; so they required from Commerce to impose countervailing duties. In the following year, petition was dismissed on the ground that the stumpage fees were not specific to any industry or†¦show more content†¦Thus, countervailing duties of 6.51% were imposed on lumber imports from all provinces in Canada7. Immediately after, Canada appealed to the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement (FTA) about the US the determination of subsidy, injured firms and putting countervailing duties on their lumber. The panels ruled in favor of Canada repeatedly and asked the United States to refund the duties. However, the US delayed in refunding the duties and was planning to do another round of subsidizing investigation; Canada yet again signed a five year MOU treaty, officially called the Softwood Lumber Agreement (SLA), in 1996. This was again done to provide stability in the lumber industry. During this year, the US refunded the past collected duties. Under this agreement, Canada imposed a fixed tax on softwood production above a specified volume. This was particularly difficult for the British Colombia coastal forest industry, resulting in layoffs and closures. There were even further difficulties between the Canada – US relations when the US passed the Byrd Amendment (officially entitled the U.S. Continued Dumping and Subsidy Offset Act of 2000). This legislation instructed the US Commerce that all of the duties that were collected for a particular good be distributed to the US injured companies that filed aShow MoreRelated Dumping Subsidy and Trade Disputes Essay2821 Words   |  12 PagesSubsidy and Trade Disputes Too many questions have been asked if dumping implies unfair trade practices. Recently, disputes over dumping make it difficult to decide whether or not we should allow this activity to enter our country. Many of us are equally familiar that more foreign imports mean more jobs are being destroyed in American industries. Because of this particular reason, WTO and GATT members have worked together to see if there is a relationship between dumping and unjust trades. In theirRead MoreProper Precedent Under International Law1679 Words   |  7 Pagesdoctrine (Junius).† The World Trade Organization looks at precedent to determine the outcome of similar disputes. Based on precedent, the United States - COOL Requirements holding is proper under the similar Clove Cigarettes dispute. Part II of this essay offers background information about GATT, the WTO and the TBT agreement. Part III provides information and facts about the Clove Cigarettes dispute. Part IV provides information and f acts about the COOL Requirements dispute. These facts are then analyzedRead MoreThe Importance of International Trade Regulation Mechanisms Has Risen1672 Words   |  7 Pagespower shift caused by the advent of new political arena - international organization, the importance of international trade regulation mechanisms has risen. Currently, out of dozens of such mechanisms, the World Trade Organization performs its role of the most prominent international economic organization. WTO, established in 1995 as a successor of GATT is aimed at â€Å"helping trade flow as freely as possible† by liberalizing it. It has over 150 state-members and therefore is inevitable faced withRead MoreThe Court s Decision On The Systems Of International Trade Essay1486 Words   |  6 PagesThe purpose of this essay is to critically discuss the court’s decision in Owusu v Jackson (C-281/02) and determine the impact of the decision on the systems of international trade. The aim is to est ablish how trading partners from different jurisdictions can settle a commercial dispute that may arise in the course of trade and which county’s laws are applicable in international trade disputes. The issues involving international trade are becoming commonplace due to the effects of globalisationRead MoreIndustrial Democracy in Zimbabwe1733 Words   |  7 Pagesworkplace (www.wikipedia.org ).As can be deduced from the above definitions, the essential feature of industrial democracy is that it gives employees or their representatives a share in the process of management. It is against this background that this essay will examine the view that ‘there is industrial democracy in Zimbabwe’ using practical examples from Zimbabwean enterprises. Since the settler occupation in 1890, in the hierarchical order of Rhodesia, the Black stood at the lowest level. As anRead MoreReport On Unacceptable Residues Of Antibiotics818 Words   |  4 PagesResearch Assignment on unacceptable residues of antibiotics in fisheries product I. INTRODUCTION After the creation of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947 , the fast-forward of globalization and rapid growth of technology are the main reason that facilitates trading process much more conveniently. Cross-border trade is not an unusual subject in this current time. In fact, trading globally has various advantages directly to consumers and contracting parties such as opportunityRead MoreThe World Trade Organization ( Wto ) And Multilateral Trading System1610 Words   |  7 PagesMany consider the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and the multilateral trading system it supports to be essential for advancing global development objectives. This essay will critically examine the objectives of the WTO and explain how the organisation aims to advance development globally. The essay will explore the significance of trade in the politics of development and how the WTO is central to that agenda. Understanding how the WTO is designed to operate will provide insight into why s ome believeRead MoreInternational Law Aids Conflict Resolution Essay1270 Words   |  6 Pagesincluding transnational crimes, state boundaries, oceans, and world trade to name a few. Without international law, chaos and tension could develop. Disputes are unavoidable when there are overlapping jurisdictional claims over the sovereignty of a particular area. The recent escalation of tensions in the East and South China Seas has directed attention to the likelihood of an armed conflict in the region. The purpose of this essay is to identify how international law aids conflict resolution in respectRead MoreOpium Wars: The Trade Disputes over Opium between China and Britain 1804 Words   |  7 Pagesback of an entire nation† -Unknown This paper studies the trade disputes over opium between China and Britain and the two wars that resulted from these disputes in the 19th century. The focus of this paper will primarily be British actions in the years leading up to the Wars, the Wars themselves, and the aftermath of the Wars. The first war was fought between 1839 and 1842, while the second was fought from 1856 to 1860. The trade of opium to the Chinese served as a major economic boon for theRead MoreTransnational Corporations And Human Rights Violations Essay1261 Words   |  6 Pagesviolations. It will also provide theoretical framework for understanding the nature of human rights and legal framework of labour laws. This essay will address the following questions: What is the legal status of transnational corporations? How can current legal apparatuses be used to hold transnational corporations accountable for human rights violations? This essay will also consider the case of human right violations by Nike Corporat ion in order to show that external pressures can produce development

Classification Essay Types Of Hunting - 1647 Words

11/3/13 Types Of Hunting The many great things about hunting is not only the calmness of the wilderness and the rush of being so close to many wild animals. There are many different ways to hunt. I am going to classify the four types of hunting: shotgun, rifle, muzzleloader, and bow and arrow. The reason I am classifying this is because most people just think of hunting as a verb and don’t know that there are so many different ways to go about hunting. Hunting with a shotgun First of all I am going to describe what exactly a shotgun is. A shotgun is designed to be fired from the shoulder. The shotgun fires a shell that holds numerous spherical pellets, also called shot when buying them from stores they are classified by the amount of†¦show more content†¦With your rifle aimed right behind its’ shoulder you gently squeeze the trigger. The loudness of the gun wakes everything up in the used to be calm nature, but only for a second. Then you get to go and check out your deer that you’ve been waiting months to take down. And that’s what hunting deer with a rifle is like. Rifle hunting is much different then the other types of hunting just cause everything is so calm and quite. Hunting with a muzzleloader A muzzleloader is a gun somewhat similar to a rifle, yet much more complicated and difficult to hunt with. I found an article by Gary Hubbell that will help me get started in explaining what hunting with a muzzleloader is like. Muzzleloaders are the weapons that Davy Crockett and Daniel Boone carried afield with them during their bear hunts, Indian fights, and battles. Today there are two basic types of muzzleloaders used for hunting—primitive and in-line. Both are based upon the premise that the shooter pours powder down the end of the gun barrel, and then rams a slug or ball down on top of it to load the gun. This type of hunting is one of the two most difficult ways to hunt. The difficulty of hunting this way is not a bad thing. Most people like the difficulty just to make the rush of the hunt that much more intense. As you pull the trigger on your muzzleloader the ignition is not instantaneous like shooting a shotgun or a rifle. You have to hold steady as you pull the trigger for about a second or more while anShow MoreRelatedGood Will Hunting and Bell Hooks Keeping Close to Home Essay1017 Words   |  5 PagesGood Will Hunting and an essay by an author Bell Hooks entitled Keeping Close to Home: Class and Education. Both of these accounts tell of a struggle that the protagonist character in the story had to deal with. Each of these charters comes from similar backgrounds but one deals with emotional conflict while the other character deals with the problem of economic classification. In either way each of these selections both deal with the struggles of an higher education. In Good Will Hunting the mainRead More Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz Essay1631 Words   |  7 Pagesborn in Motier, Switzerland on May 28, 1807. Born the son of a Protestant pastor, Louis Agassiz was raised in a religious environment but clearly possessed a deep interest in natural history and science. â€Å"I spent most of the time I could spare†¦in hunting the neighboring woods and meadows for birds, insects, and land and fresh water shells† (Lurie 9). Throughout his childhood and adolescence, his curiosities about nature and its origins drove him to become a prominent figure in natural history, zoologyRead MoreGiraffes1223 Words   |  5 PagesWhy did I choose to write my essay about the giraffe? I chose to write my essay about the giraffe because this mammal has been my favorite animal since the third grade. My science teacher had us do a project about an animal. I did mine on the giraffe and working on that project I became more fascinated by the giraffe as I wa s working on the project. It made me just wanted to know more. This is why I chose to write my essay about the giraffe. I already knew a little bit of information about theRead MoreUtilitarianism and Animal Rights3174 Words   |  13 Pagesnew controversy has emerged at the forefront of ethical debate, the status of animals within our distinctly human-oriented world. For thousands of years man has used animals as nothing more than a mere means, raising and slaughtering them for food, hunting them for food as well as sport, and more recently using them as test subjects to ensure an assortment of products are safe for use by humans. However, as time has passed and the overall level of enlightenment within our societies has increased, manyRead MoreIn the eyes of many his book is seen as a worldwide classic and according to Clark Davis’900 Words   |  4 Pageselements into his writing, his vivid imagination and philosophical sense. Another way Herman Melville grabs the audience’s eyes is by the way he clashes fact, fiction, and adventure into one piece of work. According to Lois Gordon author of another essay thinks the book Moby- Dick captures the religious side, in which no man can act out the distribution of good and evil (Gordon, 1). These two authors had both divergent and resembling points of views that gave us a different understanding of theRead MoreThe Aegean Bronze Age Essay1516 Words   |  7 Pages cultural practices migrated and constantly moved allowing for adaptations in material culture to materialize. Bearing this in mind, this essay will seek to probe the ways in which fantastic creatures moved and were adapted in Minoan culture, specifically within the ritualistic contexts of the Minoan Civilization. Three issues will be investigated by the essay namely, how fantastic creatures were depicted within the Minoan setting, the roles these icons played within the context of ritualistic practicesRead MoreGender Stereotypes in Think Like a Man934 Words   |  4 Pagesto think like a man so that they can learn to control the man. Under the advice from Harvey’s book, four women determine to learn Harvey’s strategies in order to solve the conflicts with their male partners, who are the perfect embodiments of four types of men: The Mamas Boy, The Non-Committer, The Dreamer, a nd The Player. Though Harvey tries to use his works to empower women with their self-respect, all he does is to teach women to â€Å"lie, cheat, manipulate, beg, borrow and steal to get intoRead MoreA Critical Reflective and Analytical Research Based Written Conceptualisation and Therapeutic Plan for a Common Human Problem in Cognitive Behaviour Psychotherapy Terms.3578 Words   |  15 Pageshuman problem in Cognitive Behaviour Psychotherapy terms. This essay has been particularly difficult for the writer to achieve due to the challenges they face in the transition from a Person Centred Counsellor to a Cognitive Behavioural Therapist in Training. The writer hopes to achieve a comprehensive critical reflection and analytical research based on a common human problem that has been assessed in the clinical setting. The essay includes Padesky five area systems and a disorder specific conceptualisationRead MoreHow And Why Are Music And Emotion Linked?2939 Words   |  12 PagesPSYC380 Term 2 Essay 2nd February 2015 How and why are Music and Emotion Linked? School of Psychology, Plymouth University When discussing the link between music and emotion, we first need to attempt to define the concept of emotion. Emotion is rudimentarily defined as a â€Å"complex state of feeling that results in physical and psychological changes that influence thought and behaviour† (Myers, 2004). Furthermore, emotion is usually accompanied with physiological changes - but research and opinionRead MoreLiterature Marking Scheme9477 Words   |  38 Pagespassage-based, essay questions and (on prose and drama texts) empathic questions. There is a choice of three questions on each set text. Paper 2 1 hour 15 minutes Unseen From a choice of two question, each requiring critical commentary, candidates must choose one. One question is based on a literary prose passage and the other on a poem or extract of a poem. Candidates answer one question from each section and must choose at least one passagebased and one essay question. No

Othello Essay Research Paper OTHELLOOthello is a free essay sample

Othello Essay, Research Paper Othello Othello is a romantic character. His beginnings are non from the high society like his married woman or the old governor, alternatively, he comes Morocco and normally he is called the Moor. He is a characteristic difficult working adult male that has got his leading by working in the most low on the job topographic points, such as being a slave, and working hard to allow himself out of bondage to go a high politician. He seems to bask what he does by going to distant and strange lands and thorough the battle described against the Turks. Othello shows to be a unafraid soldier and general. Since he has been in the ground forces for old ages, he started from the most basic soldier in the battleground, where he spent most of his yearss. From this experiences, he knows that it has to be done and puts in other peoples pess and is just, as a consequence of his manner of life in the ground forces, he is used to the difficult work of military life and to take determinations fast an exactly. We will write a custom essay sample on Othello Essay Research Paper OTHELLOOthello is a or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Because of his leading, he is appointed the leader of the Venetian military personnels, and most of the high politicians recognize his abilities including his closest worker, Iago. In the drama Othello is a tragic hero. Since he is a black individual and comes from Morocco, the first image you can acquire of a individual from those beginnings and in those times, is of a messy, corrupt and without manners, but it is non. Ironically, that feeling of a black adult male is non the 1 that characterizes Othello, because he has a baronial nature, and Desdemona confirms that. In the beginning of the drama, when he is still non in love of Desdemona, he is proud, intelligent and self-assured. Once he falls in love, all his abilities disappear and he transforms into a beastie mode. Since Othello has passed all his life in the Fieldss of war, he has T he artlessness and simpleness of a kid when it comes to societal graces and worldly cognition. In affairs of life, he is simple, blunt, and honest. He has no experience with the evil that exists in human nature. He thinks that work forces who appear honest, are truly so. He besides believes the prevarications that Iago makes and swear him more than anyone, incliding his ain married woman Desdemona. Othello loves Desdemona a batch and can make anything for her. With his baronial features at fist, he trusts about anyone thought that all the people that are around him are honorable and neer thinks they could make anything to him. But even though that he is amazed and in love with his married woman # 8217 ; s beauty, he doesn # 8217 ; t terminal to understand that her true nature is pure and good, and non a prostitute, as she has been insinuatedly characterized by Iago to Othello. He does non cognize her good plenty to cognize that she could neer be dishonest or unfaithful, particularly non to her hubby. Because of Iago # 8217 ; s evil remarks, Othello starts to believe that Desdemona has been unfaithful to him and he tortures himself by acquiring images of her in a sex scene with Cassio. In one of the scenes he tortures himself so much that it seems that he is holding an epilepsy onslaught and shows us how much he is enduring for the love of his married woman and the grade of t rust in the word of the Iago. Othello # 8217 ; s penalty to be a tragic hero is being covetous to Desdemona. After a painful scene of Othello killing Desdemona smothering her, he knows the truth from the words of Iago # 8217 ; s married woman, and once more his baronial nature makes him swear in her and decides to penalize Iago and forgive Cassio from what he believed he did to him. He takes the action of perpetrating self-destruction after cognizing the truth and enduring from swearing the word of Iago. This action confirms him as a tragic hero and the narrative ends.

Instructional Design Strategies and Development

Question: Discuss about the Instructional Design Strategies and Development. Answer: Introduction: The purpose of the following report is to establish a relevant as well as fruitful training plan on behalf of a master trainer. More precisely, the present paper would establish an instruction or training design for giving appropriate training to a group of trainer, who are supposed to be a broad group of regional sales manager across the entire Asia. Henceforth, the learners would be the specifically those regional sales manager who are in charge of providing trainings to their subordinates. Therefore, it is understandable that the main aim of the entire report is to design an instructional framework, which would guide the considered learners to achieve a coherent understanding about the importance of training session. Most importantly, the training would help them to identify the skill gaps among the subordinates or the specific needs to provide training to them. However, it is significant to mention in the context that this specific instructional training would be employed for the regional sales manager of Singapore, which is considered as the hub of the South East Asia. Nevertheless, prior to map the instructional design, the report would highlight the problems related to the learning individual to signify the importance of the training. Following this framework, the paper would elaborate the context of the problem and would thereafter analyze the details of the individual learners. The design of the instructional program would be successful only when the attributes of the learners would be deduced from the context and the problems. According to Smith and Ragan (2005), to understand and analyze the learners, it is significant to identify their individual cognitive, physiological, affective and social characteristics. Therefore, in this following course the learners would be analyzed in the above-mentioned style (Dick et al., 2005). Overview of the instructional design In terms of portraying the instructional design process, the report would specifically sum up the individual steps or tasks involved in the instruction design and at the same time would explain the justifications for selecting them. The objective of this particular section is to propose the outline of the instructional training program that would be implemented upon the regional sales managers of the Singapore location (Reiser, 2001). The initial process had been to analyze the learners attributes as well as the broad goals of the trainers. This process had been essential for the instructional design because without having a clear understanding about the motive of the training as well as about the key characteristic drawbacks of the learners, it would have been impossible for the master trainer to conduct the entire training (Khacahrem et al., 2005). On the other hand, it is to mention in the context that, an in-depth analysis of the goals and the learners attributes had helped the trainer in understanding whether the existing attributes will support the training procedure or not. After having a detailed understanding about the learners and the training goal, under this title, the trainer had constructed the framework for the entire training process. The design procedure had been segmented in two broad ways the first one is to developing the learning objectives and the second one is to design or anticipate the outcome. The purpose of the second segment had been to build numerous ways for assess the learning or training procedure. These steps had been essential for the trainer as per the fact that they have assisted to conduct the training in a proper way. In terms of development, the trainer had firstly followed the step to facilitate learning, which had been accompanied by numerous resources for training. Through this step, the trainer has predominantly procured a training room with learning materials in hope of providing a flexible yet accomplishing learning atmosphere (Reigeluth 2013). It is needless to mention in this context that this particular step has been possibly the most significant as well as essential for the entire design process as without constructing a learning atmosphere, the objectives of the trainer would not be probably achieved (Dijkstra et al. 2014). Through this step, the master trainer had finally implanted the constructed training program. Without the final implementation, it was not possible for the trainer to accomplish the goal to train the regional sales manager. However, it is to state in this section that the implementation process itself involves three individual steps, which are feedback acquisition from the learners, re-group the learners based on the feedback and thereafter move to a new training lesson (Cook et al., 2013). This is probably another key part of the instruction design process, which has prioritized factors like reaction of the learner and the specific learning difficulties or outcome of the learners. Based on these factors, the master trainer had evaluated the outcomes of the instruction design process and had come to realize whether the design had been fruitful or not. Analysis of the factors influencing the design The regional sales managers are entrusted with the duty of boosting the sales growth of an organization. Hence, if the managers lack the important business skills and the professional expertise required for successfully selling the products, and wining the credibility of the consumers, the organizational success of the company will be at stake. Usually, it has been observed that most of the traditional training sessions and programs meant for grooming the professional skills of the sales managers mostly offer generic coaching classes, that intend to enhance the leadership skills of the managers (Savery, 2015). However, it has been observed that the regional sales managers usually do not have any kind of generic function, and hence the training programs should preferably focus on the training of management jobs, that are relevant to the functions of the job of a sales manager. Present research skills have shown that most of the training programs usually focus on the training of the front-line salespersons, which ultimately fail to address the professional needs of the sales managers of an organization. Of all the Instructional Design Models, the model being used here is Gagnes taxonomy model is being deemed to be the most important one. However, while considering this design, certain factors should be considered (Dijksatra et al., 2014). The major problem while training the trainers of the sales managers to be encountered lies in the lack of awareness of the trainees about the ulterior goals and objectives of their profession .Hence, the second stage of the Gagnes taxonomy model- the task of informing the learners will play a vital role here. It can be assumed that the trainees are unaware of the importance of the communication skills and other soft skills required for training the employees in Singapore (Gagne 1985). Hence, as a trainer it is important to engage the trainees in role-play activities so as to enhance the communication skills, so that the sales managers can be trained about carrying interaction with the consumers. Besides, the web-based courses, along with the seminars and the workshops, should also be used for developing the interpersonal communication skills of the trainers, that is the regional sales managers (Heerrington et al., 2014). The instructional design model chosen here especially revolves around the idea of developing the verbal information, intellectual and cognitive skills and the attitudes of the trainee. However, a sales person is also required to possess the communication skill that should not only be confined to the skills of verbal communication, but must also include the persuasion skills. A sales person is assigned with the duty of winning the trust of the consumers, and hence his words should necessarily be credible enough to convince the consumer to buy a product or avail the service offered b the organization. Besides, the training on the motor skills indeed is redundant as far as the duty and job role of a sales person is concerned. Another major problem that is likely to arise from the implementation of this instructional design is that the performance of the trainees will be evaluated, and the feedback to the individual trainee will be sent. However, the process of providing individual feedb ack to each of each of the sales managers can be a time intensive process. Sales management of an organization forms an integral part of any organization, as it accounts for the high share of profitability earned or loss incurred by the organization. In case an organization intends to improve its sales output, it must also ensure that the salesperson skills are being possessed by the respective salespersons of the organization. Hence, the context of the training program to be conducted is to ensure that the sales representatives of different organizations of Singapore are being equipped with proper sales person skills that they can use for training their subordinates later. It has been observed that an efficient team of sales professionals is responsible for ensuring the organizational success of a company. However, most of the sales persons are not capable enough to handle the demands of the consumers, or meet the monthly sales target. Hence, it is highly important that these employees are being trained so that they can possess as well as successfully apply the most critical sales management abilities. Some of the important salesman skills such as comprehensive knowledge regarding the ways of handling the sales pipeline, or sufficient expertise in sales coaching as well as sales leadership are completely absent in case of most of the salespersons (Bates, 2014). Since the sales persons do not possess the required skills and the professional expertise as required in their fields, it is highly important to train both the experienced as well as the newly promoted salespersons. Since training each of the salespersons of an organization is a cost-intensive investment, the training program intends to train and groom the skills of the sales representatives, so that they can train and develop the sales person skills of their subordinates. However, since the training to the sales persons is thus imparted in an indirect way, this particular training program intends to focus on salesperson skills to be required by the salespersons as well as the training skills which will be used by the sales managers for training their subordinates. Since the product that the sales persons are expected to promote and market is new, Trinium, a special kind of suture used for wound closure, it is important that the sales persons are able to win the faith of the potential consumers. While introducing a new product in the market, the salespersons are required to have the capacity of building rapport with the consumers, understanding their requirements and putting forward the unique features characterizing the product. Hence, the rapport building skills, active listening skills as well as inter-personal communication skills of the consumers is required to be developed. This is the wide context against which the salesperson skill developing training program will be initiated. The learners who are to be trained through this training program consist of the regional sales managers of Singapore. Some of the learners possess certain skills while some of the learners lack the same skills and possess a different set of important skills. After evaluating and assessing the skills and the expertise of the employees, it has been observed that the learners enrolled in the training program can be mainly divided into two categories- the learners who possess sales management skills but are lacking in the soft skills, and the learners who possess the soft skills. It has been noted that most of the learners, being professional sales representatives are adept in rapport building skills, the strategic prospecting skills or time management skills. Hence, these sales representatives will be able to impart proper training in these fields to the respective subordinates. However, on the other hand, some of the trainees possess the soft skills, such as behavioral skills, communic ation skills, reflective skills as well as the persuasion skills necessary for promoting and selling a product (Johnston Marshall, 2016). This is the reason why role-play activities have been incorporated in the training program, as the skills and expertise of the two groups of learners can be interchanged for their benefits. However, another very important thing to be noted about the learners here is that since the learners are the sales managers, primarily assigned with the duty of evaluating the performance of the sales men, the product knowledge is lacking. However, since Trinium, the product to be introduced, is a new product to be introduced in the market, it is important to keep the sales representatives as well as the sales persons well-informed about the benefits of the same. A comprehensive knowledge about the product, its unique attributes as well as the strongest features is important, that however, is lacking in case of most of the learners. In case we follow the learning framework of Smith and Ragan, the physiological, affective and social characteristics of the learners should be followed as well. The physiological characteristics of all the learners is almost the same, as each of them belong to an age group of 30 to 35 years, while the affective skills are mostly positive in case of most of the learners, as each one is willing to enhance their grooming skills. The cognitive skills especially the informative skills are absent in case of the trainees. Besides, the business acumen skills are also absent in case of the trainees. The task of imparting the training programs here is being implemented on the basis of the needs and requirements of the sales men. It has been observed that the salespersons usually require two kinds of skills- the skills related to the business acumen, and the soft skills. Hence, accordingly, the training programs will be arranged so as to help the sales managers gain an insight into the two kinds of skills. For the first skill, that is developing the business acumen skills, lectures delivering programs as well as interactive sessions will be used. On the other hand, for developing the sot skills the web-based seminars and different kinds of workshops will be used. The taxonomy used by Gagne will be used for the task. Hence, the five different kinds of learning outcomes will be evaluated among the trainees that include the verbal information, intellectual skill, cognitive strategy, attitude and the motor skill. A teacher must train the trainee after defining and phasing the expected learning outcome, and accordingly should choose the Taxonomy. Since Gagnes Taxonomy is being used here, the task is meant to address the motor skills of the trainees. As far as the motor skills of the trainees are concerned, the trainer will intend to guide the trainees about the desirable body language that they should possess. For example, the trainee should possess a refined style of conduct and he should be upright in his ability to respond to the query or doubts of the consumers. The motor skills will consist of the soft skills of the trainees as well, such as his style of communication with the clients. Once the motor skills are being properly acquired by the learner, the next step involved here is attitude. The trainees will be trained and later evaluated on the basis of their attitudes towards the knowledge gained (Wynn, 2015). The attitude is an internal state of learning of the trainee, and hence it is important that the trainees are willing to embrace the knowledge acquired by them. The trainees must have a positive emotional attitude towards the subject of training, and should try to develop their knowledge by actively engaging in different learning programs. The positive attitude of the trainees will be created, by making them aware about the principal benefits as well as the importance of these benefits, in the profession of a sales man. Next, the verbal information skills of the trainees will be developed and evaluated. These skills will include the important communication skills as well the skills of possessing and conveying knowledge to the clients. Hence, the training will not only focus on developing the interpersonal commun ication skills of the trainees, but will also ensure that the trainees (sales men) are well-informed about the products they are selling in the market. Again, once these skills are being successfully acquired by the trainer, the next skill is the cognitive skill, that includes the demo skills of the sales persons, or his problem-solving and decision-making capacity. The last but not the least skill that should be developed is the intellectual skill, that will help the trainee increase sales, assume leadership roles or manage self-performance and allotted time. For developing the motor skills, verbal information skills and the soft skill of the trainees, different seminars and workshops will be arranged, that will help in enhancing and refining the soft skills of the trainees, making them resourceful enough to deal with the expectations of the clients. Again, the trainees must also have a positive attitude towards the subjects of training, and hence training sessions that will involve fun and interesting interactive sessions, or role-play activities will be incorporated in the training programs. The cognitive and intellectual skills of the trainees will be developed by delivering lectures about the important skills and expertise of a sales person, and later the sales managers will be asked to engage in the role-play activities that will help to evaluate the depth of their knowledge (Hughes et al., 2013). Conclusion Once the training program is being successfully implemented by incorporating the seminars, conferences as well as the interactive sessions, the knowledge and he expertise gained by the trainees will be evaluated. The evaluation of the trainees will be done based on the performance during post-training period, as well as the opinions of the training as expressed by them in the specific self-assessment forms. Accordingly, the feedback will be provided to the trainees, based on which the trainees will continue their training or will work on their weak areas. Reference List: Bates, A. (2014). Instructional design for distance learning.Instructional Design: International Perspectives II: Volume I: Theory, Research, and Models: volume Ii: Solving Instructional Design Problems, 369. Cook, D. A., Hamstra, S. J., Brydges, R., Zendejas, B., Szostek, J. H., Wang, A. T., ... Hatala, R. (2013). 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